Vertcoin Attempted 51% Attack - Revision history

Azoundria at 19:28, 1 May 2023

2023-05-01T19:28:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:28, 1 May 2023
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	{{Imported Case Study\|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/vertcoinattempted51attack.php}}		{{Imported Case Study 2\|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/vertcoinattempted51attack.php}}
	{{Unattributed ~~Citations~~}}		{{Unattributed Sources}}

	[[File:Vertcoin.jpg\|thumb\|Vertcoin]]Despite upgrading to a new algorithm after their first attack, the Vertcoin blockchain fell under threat of another 51% attack. This attack appears to be intended to be used to double-spend against the Bittrex exchange. Since Bittrex closed their wallets prior to the attack, they avoided any loss.		[[File:Vertcoin.jpg\|thumb\|Vertcoin]]Despite upgrading to a new algorithm after their first attack, the Vertcoin blockchain fell under threat of another 51% attack. This attack appears to be intended to be used to double-spend against the Bittrex exchange. Since Bittrex closed their wallets prior to the attack, they avoided any loss.

	This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.		This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.<ref name="financemagnates-3964" /><ref name="cryptobriefing-4616" /><ref name="wikipedia-3958" /><ref name="coindesk-4617" /><ref name="metalicjamesgithub-4618" /><ref name="newsdotbitcoin-4619" /><ref name="cointelegraph-4620" /><ref name="coingeek-4621" />
	<ref name="financemagnates-3964" /><ref name="cryptobriefing-4616" /><ref name="wikipedia-3958" /><ref name="coindesk-4617" /><ref name="metalicjamesgithub-4618" /><ref name="newsdotbitcoin-4619" /><ref name="cointelegraph-4620" /><ref name="coingeek-4621" />

	== About Vertcoin ==		== About Vertcoin ==
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	!Description		!Description
	\|-		\|-
	\|December 1st, 2019 ~~12:00:00 AM~~		\|December 1st, 2019
	\|Main Event		\|Main Event
	\|Expand this into a brief description of what happened and the impact. If multiple lines are necessary, add them here.		\|Expand this into a brief description of what happened and the impact. If multiple lines are necessary, add them here.
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	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}

			== Technical Details ==
			This section includes specific detailed technical analysis of any security breaches which happened. What specific software vulnerabilities contributed to the problem and how were they exploited?

	== Total Amount Lost ==		== Total Amount Lost ==
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	== Ongoing Developments ==		== Ongoing Developments ==
	What parts of this case are still remaining to be concluded?		What parts of this case are still remaining to be concluded?
			== General Prevention Policies ==
			51% attacks can be prevented through a mix of increased block confirmation times and setting checkpoints to prevent large-scale reorganizations. This means the exchange will not allow withdrawals based on newly deposited funds (which could still be taken back through a 51% attack), and nodes will be prevented from accepting longer attacking chains.
			== Individual Prevention Policies ==
			{{Prevention:Individuals:Placeholder}}

			{{Prevention:Individuals:End}}

			== Platform Prevention Policies ==
			{{Prevention:Platforms:Placeholder}}

			{{Prevention:Platforms:End}}

			== Regulatory Prevention Policies ==
			{{Prevention:Regulators:Placeholder}}

	== Prevention ~~Policies ==~~		{{Prevention:Regulators:End}}
	51% attacks can be prevented through a mix of increased block confirmation times and setting checkpoints to prevent large-scale reorganizations. This means the exchange will not allow withdrawals based on newly deposited funds (which could still be taken back through a 51% attack), and nodes will be prevented from accepting longer attacking chains.

	== References ==		== References ==
	<references><ref name="financemagnates-3964">[https://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/news/a-failed-hack-hackers-attempted-51-attack-on-vertcoin/ A Failed Hack: Hackers Attempted ‘51% Attack’ on Vertcoin] (Nov 9, 2021)</ref>		<references><ref name="financemagnates-3964">[https://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/news/a-failed-hack-hackers-attempted-51-attack-on-vertcoin/ A Failed Hack: Hackers Attempted ‘51% Attack’ on Vertcoin] (Nov 10, 2021)</ref>

	<ref name="cryptobriefing-4616">[https://cryptobriefing.com/vertcoin-51-attacked-once-again/ Vertcoin 51% Attacked Once Again - Crypto Briefing] (Nov 9, 2021)</ref>		<ref name="cryptobriefing-4616">[https://cryptobriefing.com/vertcoin-51-attacked-once-again/ Vertcoin 51% Attacked Once Again - Crypto Briefing] (Nov 10, 2021)</ref>

	<ref name="wikipedia-3958">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertcoin Vertcoin - Wikipedia] (Nov 9, 2021)</ref>		<ref name="wikipedia-3958">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertcoin Vertcoin - Wikipedia] (Nov 10, 2021)</ref>

	<ref name="coindesk-4617">[https://www.coindesk.com/tech/2019/12/02/the-vertcoin-cryptocurrency-just-got-51-attacked-again/ The Vertcoin Cryptocurrency Just Got 51% Attacked – Again - CoinDesk] (Dec 20, 2021)</ref>		<ref name="coindesk-4617">[https://www.coindesk.com/tech/2019/12/02/the-vertcoin-cryptocurrency-just-got-51-attacked-again/ The Vertcoin Cryptocurrency Just Got 51% Attacked – Again - CoinDesk] (Dec 21, 2021)</ref>

	<ref name="metalicjamesgithub-4618">[https://gist.github.com/metalicjames/f2acdb9ef448ec5298173b36c7c54133 vtc-attack.md · GitHub] (Dec 20, 2021)</ref>		<ref name="metalicjamesgithub-4618">[https://gist.github.com/metalicjames/f2acdb9ef448ec5298173b36c7c54133 vtc-attack.md · GitHub] (Dec 21, 2021)</ref>

	<ref name="newsdotbitcoin-4619">[https://news.bitcoin.com/vertcoin-network-sabotaged-by-another-51-attack/ Vertcoin Network Sabotaged by Another 51% Attack – Bitcoin News] (Dec 20, 2021)</ref>		<ref name="newsdotbitcoin-4619">[https://news.bitcoin.com/vertcoin-network-sabotaged-by-another-51-attack/ Vertcoin Network Sabotaged by Another 51% Attack – Bitcoin News] (Dec 21, 2021)</ref>

	<ref name="cointelegraph-4620">[https://cointelegraph.com/news/vertcoin-51-attack-motive-uncertain-as-hackers-lose-up-to-4-000 Vertcoin 51% Attack ‘Motive Uncertain’ as Hackers Lose up to $4,000] (Dec 20, 2021)</ref>		<ref name="cointelegraph-4620">[https://cointelegraph.com/news/vertcoin-51-attack-motive-uncertain-as-hackers-lose-up-to-4-000 Vertcoin 51% Attack ‘Motive Uncertain’ as Hackers Lose up to $4,000] (Dec 21, 2021)</ref>

	<ref name="coingeek-4621">[https://coingeek.com/vertcoin-crypto-hit-with-another-51-attack/ Vertcoin crypto hit with another 51% attack - CoinGeek] (Dec 20, 2021)</ref></references>		<ref name="coingeek-4621">[https://coingeek.com/vertcoin-crypto-hit-with-another-51-attack/ Vertcoin crypto hit with another 51% attack - CoinGeek] (Dec 21, 2021)</ref></references>

Azoundria at 17:12, 17 February 2023

2023-02-17T17:12:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:12, 17 February 2023
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	{{Imported Case Study\|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/vertcoinattempted51attack.php}}		{{Imported Case Study\|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/vertcoinattempted51attack.php}}
			{{Unattributed Citations}}

	[[File:Vertcoin.jpg\|thumb\|Vertcoin]]Despite upgrading to a new algorithm after their first attack, the Vertcoin blockchain fell under threat of another 51% attack. This attack appears to be intended to be used to double-spend against the Bittrex exchange. Since Bittrex closed their wallets prior to the attack, they avoided any loss.		[[File:Vertcoin.jpg\|thumb\|Vertcoin]]Despite upgrading to a new algorithm after their first attack, the Vertcoin blockchain fell under threat of another 51% attack. This attack appears to be intended to be used to double-spend against the Bittrex exchange. Since Bittrex closed their wallets prior to the attack, they avoided any loss.

	This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.		This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.
			<ref name="financemagnates-3964" /><ref name="cryptobriefing-4616" /><ref name="wikipedia-3958" /><ref name="coindesk-4617" /><ref name="metalicjamesgithub-4618" /><ref name="newsdotbitcoin-4619" /><ref name="cointelegraph-4620" /><ref name="coingeek-4621" />

	== About Vertcoin ==		== About Vertcoin ==
Line 35:		Line 37:

	Don't Include:		Don't Include:

	* Any wording which directly states or implies that the business is/was illegitimate, or that a vulnerability existed.		* Any wording which directly states or implies that the business is/was illegitimate, or that a vulnerability existed.
	* Anything that wasn't reasonably knowable at the time of the event.		* Anything that wasn't reasonably knowable at the time of the event.
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	\|-		\|-
	\|December 1st, 2019 12:00:00 AM		\|December 1st, 2019 12:00:00 AM
	\|~~First~~ Event		\|Main Event
	\|~~This is an expanded~~ description of what happened and the impact. If multiple lines are necessary, add them here.		\|Expand this into a brief description of what happened and the impact. If multiple lines are necessary, add them here.
	\|-
	\|
	\|
	\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|
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	== Total Amount Lost ==		== Total Amount Lost ==
	~~The total amount~~ lost ~~is unknown~~.		No funds were lost.

	How much was lost and how was it calculated? If there are conflicting reports, which are accurate and where does the discrepancy lie?		How much was lost and how was it calculated? If there are conflicting reports, which are accurate and where does the discrepancy lie?
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	== Total Amount Recovered ==		== Total Amount Recovered ==
	It is unknown ~~how much was recovered~~.		The total amount recovered is unknown.

	What funds were recovered? What funds were reimbursed for those affected users?		What funds were recovered? What funds were reimbursed for those affected users?
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	== References ==		== References ==
	[https://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/news/a-failed-hack-hackers-attempted-51-attack-on-vertcoin/ A Failed Hack: Hackers Attempted ‘51% Attack’ on Vertcoin] (Nov 9)		<references><ref name="financemagnates-3964">[https://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/news/a-failed-hack-hackers-attempted-51-attack-on-vertcoin/ A Failed Hack: Hackers Attempted ‘51% Attack’ on Vertcoin] (Nov 9, 2021)</ref>

	[https://cryptobriefing.com/vertcoin-51-attacked-once-again/ Vertcoin 51% Attacked Once Again - Crypto Briefing] (Nov 9)		<ref name="cryptobriefing-4616">[https://cryptobriefing.com/vertcoin-51-attacked-once-again/ Vertcoin 51% Attacked Once Again - Crypto Briefing] (Nov 9, 2021)</ref>

	[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertcoin Vertcoin - Wikipedia] (Nov 9)		<ref name="wikipedia-3958">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertcoin Vertcoin - Wikipedia] (Nov 9, 2021)</ref>

	[https://www.coindesk.com/tech/2019/12/02/the-vertcoin-cryptocurrency-just-got-51-attacked-again/ The Vertcoin Cryptocurrency Just Got 51% Attacked – Again - CoinDesk] (Dec 20)		<ref name="coindesk-4617">[https://www.coindesk.com/tech/2019/12/02/the-vertcoin-cryptocurrency-just-got-51-attacked-again/ The Vertcoin Cryptocurrency Just Got 51% Attacked – Again - CoinDesk] (Dec 20, 2021)</ref>

	[https://gist.github.com/metalicjames/f2acdb9ef448ec5298173b36c7c54133 vtc-attack.md · GitHub] (Dec 20)		<ref name="metalicjamesgithub-4618">[https://gist.github.com/metalicjames/f2acdb9ef448ec5298173b36c7c54133 vtc-attack.md · GitHub] (Dec 20, 2021)</ref>

	[https://news.bitcoin.com/vertcoin-network-sabotaged-by-another-51-attack/ Vertcoin Network Sabotaged by Another 51% Attack – Bitcoin News] (Dec 20)		<ref name="newsdotbitcoin-4619">[https://news.bitcoin.com/vertcoin-network-sabotaged-by-another-51-attack/ Vertcoin Network Sabotaged by Another 51% Attack – Bitcoin News] (Dec 20, 2021)</ref>

	[https://cointelegraph.com/news/vertcoin-51-attack-motive-uncertain-as-hackers-lose-up-to-4-000 Vertcoin 51% Attack ‘Motive Uncertain’ as Hackers Lose up to $4,000] (Dec 20)		<ref name="cointelegraph-4620">[https://cointelegraph.com/news/vertcoin-51-attack-motive-uncertain-as-hackers-lose-up-to-4-000 Vertcoin 51% Attack ‘Motive Uncertain’ as Hackers Lose up to $4,000] (Dec 20, 2021)</ref>

	[https://coingeek.com/vertcoin-crypto-hit-with-another-51-attack/ Vertcoin crypto hit with another 51% attack - CoinGeek] (Dec 20)		<ref name="coingeek-4621">[https://coingeek.com/vertcoin-crypto-hit-with-another-51-attack/ Vertcoin crypto hit with another 51% attack - CoinGeek] (Dec 20, 2021)</ref></references>

Azoundria: Created page with "{{Imported Case Study|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/vertcoinattempted51attack.php}} VertcoinDespite upgrading to a new algorithm after their first attack, the Vertcoin blockchain fell under threat of another 51% attack. This attack appears to be intended to be used to double-spend against the Bittrex exchange. Since Bittrex closed their wallets prior to the attack, they avoided any loss. This is a global/international c..."

2023-01-25T16:51:20Z

Created page with "{{Imported Case Study|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/vertcoinattempted51attack.php}} thumb|VertcoinDespite upgrading to a new algorithm after their first attack, the Vertcoin blockchain fell under threat of another 51% attack. This attack appears to be intended to be used to double-spend against the Bittrex exchange. Since Bittrex closed their wallets prior to the attack, they avoided any loss. This is a global/international c..."

New page

{{Imported Case Study|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/vertcoinattempted51attack.php}}

[[File:Vertcoin.jpg|thumb|Vertcoin]]Despite upgrading to a new algorithm after their first attack, the Vertcoin blockchain fell under threat of another 51% attack. This attack appears to be intended to be used to double-spend against the Bittrex exchange. Since Bittrex closed their wallets prior to the attack, they avoided any loss.

This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.

== About Vertcoin ==
"Vertcoin (VTC) is an open-source cryptocurrency created in early 2014 that focuses on decentralization." "Vertcoin is a Bitcoin clone that claims to be ASIC-resistant through regular mining algorithm changes introduced via hardfork." "Vertcoin uses an ASIC resistant proof-of-work mechanism to issue new coins and incentivize miners to secure the network and validate transactions. Vertcoin's blockchain is maintained by a decentralized coalition of individuals collectively mining using modern graphics cards." In December 2019, "Vertcoin [ranked] 194th by market capitalization and boast[ed] a market cap of $12.5 million."

"Vertcoin was previously 51% attacked in December of 2018." "The attack on Vertcoin in 2018 led the company to change its system algorithm to one called Lyra2REv3 since they prefer affordable mining that allows for the involvement of the community."

"On Nov 30th 2019, a Vertcoin miner noticed a large upswing in hashrate rental prices for Lyra2REv3 on Nicehash. This was combined with workers connected to Nicehash's stratum server being sent work for unknown (non-public) Vertcoin blocks. I contacted Bittrex, Vertcoin's most prominent exchange, to recommend they disable the Vertcoin wallet on their platform once it became clear an attack was in progress, which they subsequently did."

"On Dec. 1 at 15:19 UTC, 603 blocks were removed from VTC’s main blockchain and replaced by 553 attacker blocks. There were 5 recorded double-spent transactions. A total of 125 VTC ($29) was redirected to the hacker’s wallet address."

"[T]he captured hashrate was blamed on Nicehash. The company sells hashpower to individuals and acts as a hashpower broker marketplace that connects sellers and miners." "Post-attack analysis of the Nicehash orderbook during the attack's preparation shows a large upswing in hashrate rental price from the market equilibrium on both their EU and USA markets. Now that the attack is over, the rental price has returned to the baseline market equilibrium." "Based on the market prices during the attack's preparation and the difficulty of the blocks the attacker produced, we estimate the attacker spent between 0.5-1 BTC to perform the attack. The total value of the block rewards the attack received is 13825 VTC (~0.44 BTC). Given the attack was likely not profitable to perform based solely on block rewards, the motivation for the attack is not certain."

"Each of the double-spent outputs are coinbase outputs owned by the attacker and it is unknown to whom the coins were originally sent before being swept to an attacker address after the reorg," Lovejoy said.

"Given the reorg was just deeper than 600 blocks (Bittrex's confirmation requirement for VTC), it is possible that Bittrex was the original target." "Bittrex, Vertcoin’s most trafficked exchange by real volume, disabled withdrawals on the platform once it became clear the attack was in progress." "Lovejoy said it would not have been profitable based on miners' block rewards alone. He suggested Bittrex may have been target, but the exchange disabling its Vertcoin wallet may have prevented more double spends."

This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.

The background of the exchange platform, service, or individuals involved, as it would have been seen or understood at the time of the events.

Include:

* Known history of when and how the service was started.
* What problems does the company or service claim to solve?
* What marketing materials were used by the firm or business?
* Audits performed, and excerpts that may have been included.
* Business registration documents shown (fake or legitimate).
* How were people recruited to participate?
* Public warnings and announcements prior to the event.

Don't Include:

* Any wording which directly states or implies that the business is/was illegitimate, or that a vulnerability existed.
* Anything that wasn't reasonably knowable at the time of the event.
There could be more than one section here. If the same platform is involved with multiple incidents, then it can be linked to a main article page.

== The Reality ==
This sections is included if a case involved deception or information that was unknown at the time. Examples include:

* When the service was actually started (if different than the "official story").
* Who actually ran a service and their own personal history.
* How the service was structured behind the scenes. (For example, there was no "trading bot".)
* Details of what audits reported and how vulnerabilities were missed during auditing.

== What Happened ==
The specific events of the loss and how it came about. What actually happened to cause the loss and some of the events leading up to it.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key Event Timeline - Vertcoin Attempted 51% Attack
!Date
!Event
!Description
|-
|December 1st, 2019 12:00:00 AM
|First Event
|This is an expanded description of what happened and the impact. If multiple lines are necessary, add them here.
|-
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|}

== Total Amount Lost ==
The total amount lost is unknown.

How much was lost and how was it calculated? If there are conflicting reports, which are accurate and where does the discrepancy lie?

== Immediate Reactions ==
How did the various parties involved (firm, platform, management, and/or affected individual(s)) deal with the events? Were services shut down? Were announcements made? Were groups formed?

== Ultimate Outcome ==
What was the end result? Was any investigation done? Were any individuals prosecuted? Was there a lawsuit? Was any tracing done?

== Total Amount Recovered ==
It is unknown how much was recovered.

What funds were recovered? What funds were reimbursed for those affected users?

== Ongoing Developments ==
What parts of this case are still remaining to be concluded?

== Prevention Policies ==
51% attacks can be prevented through a mix of increased block confirmation times and setting checkpoints to prevent large-scale reorganizations. This means the exchange will not allow withdrawals based on newly deposited funds (which could still be taken back through a 51% attack), and nodes will be prevented from accepting longer attacking chains.

== References ==
[https://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/news/a-failed-hack-hackers-attempted-51-attack-on-vertcoin/ A Failed Hack: Hackers Attempted ‘51% Attack’ on Vertcoin] (Nov 9)

[https://cryptobriefing.com/vertcoin-51-attacked-once-again/ Vertcoin 51% Attacked Once Again - Crypto Briefing] (Nov 9)

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertcoin Vertcoin - Wikipedia] (Nov 9)

[https://www.coindesk.com/tech/2019/12/02/the-vertcoin-cryptocurrency-just-got-51-attacked-again/ The Vertcoin Cryptocurrency Just Got 51% Attacked – Again - CoinDesk] (Dec 20)

[https://gist.github.com/metalicjames/f2acdb9ef448ec5298173b36c7c54133 vtc-attack.md · GitHub] (Dec 20)

[https://news.bitcoin.com/vertcoin-network-sabotaged-by-another-51-attack/ Vertcoin Network Sabotaged by Another 51% Attack – Bitcoin News] (Dec 20)

[https://cointelegraph.com/news/vertcoin-51-attack-motive-uncertain-as-hackers-lose-up-to-4-000 Vertcoin 51% Attack ‘Motive Uncertain’ as Hackers Lose up to $4,000] (Dec 20)

[https://coingeek.com/vertcoin-crypto-hit-with-another-51-attack/ Vertcoin crypto hit with another 51% attack - CoinGeek] (Dec 20)