Vertcoin 51% Attack - Revision history

Azoundria at 18:56, 1 May 2023

2023-05-01T18:56:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:56, 1 May 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Imported Case Study\|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/vertcoin51attack.php}}		{{Imported Case Study 2\|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/vertcoin51attack.php}}
	{{Unattributed ~~Citations~~}}		{{Unattributed Sources}}

	[[File:Vertcoin.jpg\|thumb\|Vertcoin]]Vertcoin is a blockchain especially designed to be resistant to ASIC mining, designed to be mined with graphics cards instead. In 2018, the network suffered a series of 4 separate reorganization incidents caused by 51% attacks.		[[File:Vertcoin.jpg\|thumb\|Vertcoin]]Vertcoin is a blockchain especially designed to be resistant to ASIC mining, designed to be mined with graphics cards instead. In 2018, the network suffered a series of 4 separate reorganization incidents caused by 51% attacks.

	This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.		This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.<ref name="cryptoslate-3936" /><ref name="cointelegraph-3632" /><ref name="vertcoin-3956" /><ref name="utoday-3957" /><ref name="wikipedia-3958" /><ref name="gqmagazin-3959" /><ref name="coinmonksmedium-3960" /><ref name="ccn-3961" /><ref name="cryptobriefing-3962" /><ref name="canen01twitter-3963" /><ref name="financemagnates-3964" />
	<ref name="cryptoslate-3936" /><ref name="cointelegraph-3632" /><ref name="vertcoin-3956" /><ref name="utoday-3957" /><ref name="wikipedia-3958" /><ref name="gqmagazin-3959" /><ref name="coinmonksmedium-3960" /><ref name="ccn-3961" /><ref name="cryptobriefing-3962" /><ref name="canen01twitter-3963" /><ref name="financemagnates-3964" />

	== About Vertcoin ==		== About Vertcoin ==
Line 65:		Line 64:
	!Description		!Description
	\|-		\|-
	\|December 2nd, 2018 ~~12:00:00 AM~~		\|December 2nd, 2018
	\|Main Event		\|Main Event
	\|Expand this into a brief description of what happened and the impact. If multiple lines are necessary, add them here.		\|Expand this into a brief description of what happened and the impact. If multiple lines are necessary, add them here.
Line 73:		Line 72:
	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}

			== Technical Details ==
			This section includes specific detailed technical analysis of any security breaches which happened. What specific software vulnerabilities contributed to the problem and how were they exploited?

	== Total Amount Lost ==		== Total Amount Lost ==
Line 92:		Line 94:
	== Ongoing Developments ==		== Ongoing Developments ==
	What parts of this case are still remaining to be concluded?		What parts of this case are still remaining to be concluded?
			== General Prevention Policies ==
			51% attacks can be prevented through a mix of increased block confirmation times and setting checkpoints to prevent large-scale reorganizations. This means the exchange will not credit newly deposited funds, and nodes will be prevented from accepting an older attacking chain.
			== Individual Prevention Policies ==
			{{Prevention:Individuals:Placeholder}}

			{{Prevention:Individuals:End}}

			== Platform Prevention Policies ==
			{{Prevention:Platforms:Placeholder}}

			{{Prevention:Platforms:End}}

			== Regulatory Prevention Policies ==
			{{Prevention:Regulators:Placeholder}}

	== Prevention ~~Policies ==~~		{{Prevention:Regulators:End}}
	51% attacks can be prevented through a mix of increased block confirmation times and setting checkpoints to prevent large-scale reorganizations. This means the exchange will not credit newly deposited funds, and nodes will be prevented from accepting an older attacking chain.

	== References ==		== References ==
	<references><ref name="cryptoslate-3936">[https://cryptoslate.com/prolific-51-attacks-crypto-verge-ethereum-classic-bitcoin-gold-feathercoin-vertcoin/ Five most prolific 51% attacks in crypto: Verge, Ethereum Classic, Bitcoin Gold, Feathercoin, Vertcoin \| CryptoSlate] (Sep 28, 2021)</ref>		<references><ref name="cryptoslate-3936">[https://cryptoslate.com/prolific-51-attacks-crypto-verge-ethereum-classic-bitcoin-gold-feathercoin-vertcoin/ Five most prolific 51% attacks in crypto: Verge, Ethereum Classic, Bitcoin Gold, Feathercoin, Vertcoin \| CryptoSlate] (Sep 29, 2021)</ref>

	<ref name="cointelegraph-3632">[https://cointelegraph.com/news/verge-of-disaster-200-days-transactions-wiped-from-blockchain Verge of disaster: 200 days transactions wiped from blockchain] (Oct 1, 2021)</ref>		<ref name="cointelegraph-3632">[https://cointelegraph.com/news/verge-of-disaster-200-days-transactions-wiped-from-blockchain Verge of disaster: 200 days transactions wiped from blockchain] (Oct 2, 2021)</ref>

	<ref name="vertcoin-3956">[https://vertcoin.org/ Vertcoin - Decentralized Peer-to-Peer Digital Currency] (Oct 18, 2021)</ref>		<ref name="vertcoin-3956">[https://vertcoin.org/ Vertcoin - Decentralized Peer-to-Peer Digital Currency] (Oct 19, 2021)</ref>

	<ref name="utoday-3957">[https://u.today/guides/coins-guide/vertcoin/what-is-vertcoin-vtc What is Vertcoin (VTC) - Simple Explanation for Beginners] (Oct 18, 2021)</ref>		<ref name="utoday-3957">[https://u.today/guides/coins-guide/vertcoin/what-is-vertcoin-vtc What is Vertcoin (VTC) - Simple Explanation for Beginners] (Oct 19, 2021)</ref>

	<ref name="wikipedia-3958">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertcoin Vertcoin - Wikipedia] (Nov 9, 2021)</ref>		<ref name="wikipedia-3958">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertcoin Vertcoin - Wikipedia] (Nov 10, 2021)</ref>

	<ref name="gqmagazin-3959">[https://www.gq-magazin.de/auto-technik/article/vertcoin-wurde-opfer-einer-51-prozent-attacke Vertcoin wurde Opfer einer 51-Prozent-Attacke \| Auto und Technik \| GQ] (Nov 9, 2021)</ref>		<ref name="gqmagazin-3959">[https://www.gq-magazin.de/auto-technik/article/vertcoin-wurde-opfer-einer-51-prozent-attacke Vertcoin wurde Opfer einer 51-Prozent-Attacke \| Auto und Technik \| GQ] (Nov 10, 2021)</ref>

	<ref name="coinmonksmedium-3960">[https://medium.com/coinmonks/vertcoin-vtc-is-currently-being-51-attacked-53ab633c08a4 Vertcoin Vtc Is Currently Being 51 Attacked] (Nov 9, 2021)</ref>		<ref name="coinmonksmedium-3960">[https://medium.com/coinmonks/vertcoin-vtc-is-currently-being-51-attacked-53ab633c08a4 Vertcoin Vtc Is Currently Being 51 Attacked] (Nov 10, 2021)</ref>

	<ref name="ccn-3961">[https://www.ccn.com/vertcoin-hit-by-51-attack-allegedly-lost-100000-in-double-spending/ https://www.ccn.com/vertcoin-hit-by-51-attack-allegedly-lost-100000-in-double-spending/] (Nov 9, 2021)</ref>		<ref name="ccn-3961">[https://www.ccn.com/vertcoin-hit-by-51-attack-allegedly-lost-100000-in-double-spending/ https://www.ccn.com/vertcoin-hit-by-51-attack-allegedly-lost-100000-in-double-spending/] (Nov 10, 2021)</ref>

	<ref name="cryptobriefing-3962">[https://cryptobriefing.com/vertcoin-vtc-51-percent-attack/ Vertcoin Suffers A 51 Percent Attack - Crypto Briefing] (Nov 9, 2021)</ref>		<ref name="cryptobriefing-3962">[https://cryptobriefing.com/vertcoin-vtc-51-percent-attack/ Vertcoin Suffers A 51 Percent Attack - Crypto Briefing] (Nov 10, 2021)</ref>

	<ref name="canen01twitter-3963">[https://twitter.com/Canen01/status/1070006030258573317 @Canen01 Twitter] (Nov 9, 2021)</ref>		<ref name="canen01twitter-3963">[https://twitter.com/Canen01/status/1070006030258573317 @Canen01 Twitter] (Nov 10, 2021)</ref>

	<ref name="financemagnates-3964">[https://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/news/a-failed-hack-hackers-attempted-51-attack-on-vertcoin/ A Failed Hack: Hackers Attempted ‘51% Attack’ on Vertcoin] (Nov 9, 2021)</ref></references>		<ref name="financemagnates-3964">[https://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/news/a-failed-hack-hackers-attempted-51-attack-on-vertcoin/ A Failed Hack: Hackers Attempted ‘51% Attack’ on Vertcoin] (Nov 10, 2021)</ref></references>

Azoundria at 07:50, 17 February 2023

2023-02-17T07:50:44Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:50, 17 February 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Imported Case Study\|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/vertcoin51attack.php}}		{{Imported Case Study\|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/vertcoin51attack.php}}
			{{Unattributed Citations}}

	[[File:Vertcoin.jpg\|thumb\|Vertcoin]]Vertcoin is a blockchain especially designed to be resistant to ASIC mining, designed to be mined with graphics cards instead. In 2018, the network suffered a series of 4 separate reorganization incidents caused by 51% attacks.		[[File:Vertcoin.jpg\|thumb\|Vertcoin]]Vertcoin is a blockchain especially designed to be resistant to ASIC mining, designed to be mined with graphics cards instead. In 2018, the network suffered a series of 4 separate reorganization incidents caused by 51% attacks.

	This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.		This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.
			<ref name="cryptoslate-3936" /><ref name="cointelegraph-3632" /><ref name="vertcoin-3956" /><ref name="utoday-3957" /><ref name="wikipedia-3958" /><ref name="gqmagazin-3959" /><ref name="coinmonksmedium-3960" /><ref name="ccn-3961" /><ref name="cryptobriefing-3962" /><ref name="canen01twitter-3963" /><ref name="financemagnates-3964" />

	== About Vertcoin ==		== About Vertcoin ==
Line 43:		Line 45:

	Don't Include:		Don't Include:

	* Any wording which directly states or implies that the business is/was illegitimate, or that a vulnerability existed.		* Any wording which directly states or implies that the business is/was illegitimate, or that a vulnerability existed.
	* Anything that wasn't reasonably knowable at the time of the event.		* Anything that wasn't reasonably knowable at the time of the event.
Line 65:		Line 66:
	\|-		\|-
	\|December 2nd, 2018 12:00:00 AM		\|December 2nd, 2018 12:00:00 AM
	\|~~First~~ Event		\|Main Event
	\|~~This is an expanded~~ description of what happened and the impact. If multiple lines are necessary, add them here.		\|Expand this into a brief description of what happened and the impact. If multiple lines are necessary, add them here.
	\|-
	\|
	\|
	\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|
Line 78:		Line 75:

	== Total Amount Lost ==		== Total Amount Lost ==
	The total amount lost ~~is unknown~~.		The total amount lost has been estimated at $100,000 USD.

	How much was lost and how was it calculated? If there are conflicting reports, which are accurate and where does the discrepancy lie?		How much was lost and how was it calculated? If there are conflicting reports, which are accurate and where does the discrepancy lie?
Line 89:		Line 86:

	== Total Amount Recovered ==		== Total Amount Recovered ==
	~~It is unknown how much was~~ recovered.		There do not appear to have been any funds recovered in this case.

	What funds were recovered? What funds were reimbursed for those affected users?		What funds were recovered? What funds were reimbursed for those affected users?
Line 100:		Line 97:

	== References ==		== References ==
	[https://cryptoslate.com/prolific-51-attacks-crypto-verge-ethereum-classic-bitcoin-gold-feathercoin-vertcoin/ Five most prolific 51% attacks in crypto: Verge, Ethereum Classic, Bitcoin Gold, Feathercoin, Vertcoin \| CryptoSlate] (Sep 28)		<references><ref name="cryptoslate-3936">[https://cryptoslate.com/prolific-51-attacks-crypto-verge-ethereum-classic-bitcoin-gold-feathercoin-vertcoin/ Five most prolific 51% attacks in crypto: Verge, Ethereum Classic, Bitcoin Gold, Feathercoin, Vertcoin \| CryptoSlate] (Sep 28, 2021)</ref>

	[https://cointelegraph.com/news/verge-of-disaster-200-days-transactions-wiped-from-blockchain Verge of disaster: 200 days transactions wiped from blockchain] (Oct 1)		<ref name="cointelegraph-3632">[https://cointelegraph.com/news/verge-of-disaster-200-days-transactions-wiped-from-blockchain Verge of disaster: 200 days transactions wiped from blockchain] (Oct 1, 2021)</ref>

	[https://vertcoin.org/ Vertcoin - Decentralized Peer-to-Peer Digital Currency] (Oct 18)		<ref name="vertcoin-3956">[https://vertcoin.org/ Vertcoin - Decentralized Peer-to-Peer Digital Currency] (Oct 18, 2021)</ref>

	[https://u.today/guides/coins-guide/vertcoin/what-is-vertcoin-vtc What is Vertcoin (VTC) - Simple Explanation for Beginners] (Oct 18)		<ref name="utoday-3957">[https://u.today/guides/coins-guide/vertcoin/what-is-vertcoin-vtc What is Vertcoin (VTC) - Simple Explanation for Beginners] (Oct 18, 2021)</ref>

	[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertcoin Vertcoin - Wikipedia] (Nov 9)		<ref name="wikipedia-3958">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertcoin Vertcoin - Wikipedia] (Nov 9, 2021)</ref>

	[https://www.gq-magazin.de/auto-technik/article/vertcoin-wurde-opfer-einer-51-prozent-attacke Vertcoin wurde Opfer einer 51-Prozent-Attacke \| Auto und Technik \| GQ] (Nov 9)		<ref name="gqmagazin-3959">[https://www.gq-magazin.de/auto-technik/article/vertcoin-wurde-opfer-einer-51-prozent-attacke Vertcoin wurde Opfer einer 51-Prozent-Attacke \| Auto und Technik \| GQ] (Nov 9, 2021)</ref>

	[https://medium.com/coinmonks/vertcoin-vtc-is-currently-being-51-attacked-53ab633c08a4 Vertcoin Vtc Is Currently Being 51 Attacked] (Nov 9)		<ref name="coinmonksmedium-3960">[https://medium.com/coinmonks/vertcoin-vtc-is-currently-being-51-attacked-53ab633c08a4 Vertcoin Vtc Is Currently Being 51 Attacked] (Nov 9, 2021)</ref>

	[https://www.ccn.com/vertcoin-hit-by-51-attack-allegedly-lost-100000-in-double-spending/ https://www.ccn.com/vertcoin-hit-by-51-attack-allegedly-lost-100000-in-double-spending/] (Nov 9)		<ref name="ccn-3961">[https://www.ccn.com/vertcoin-hit-by-51-attack-allegedly-lost-100000-in-double-spending/ https://www.ccn.com/vertcoin-hit-by-51-attack-allegedly-lost-100000-in-double-spending/] (Nov 9, 2021)</ref>

	[https://cryptobriefing.com/vertcoin-vtc-51-percent-attack/ Vertcoin Suffers A 51 Percent Attack - Crypto Briefing] (Nov 9)		<ref name="cryptobriefing-3962">[https://cryptobriefing.com/vertcoin-vtc-51-percent-attack/ Vertcoin Suffers A 51 Percent Attack - Crypto Briefing] (Nov 9, 2021)</ref>

	[https://twitter.com/Canen01/status/1070006030258573317 @Canen01 Twitter] (Nov 9)		<ref name="canen01twitter-3963">[https://twitter.com/Canen01/status/1070006030258573317 @Canen01 Twitter] (Nov 9, 2021)</ref>

	[https://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/news/a-failed-hack-hackers-attempted-51-attack-on-vertcoin/ A Failed Hack: Hackers Attempted ‘51% Attack’ on Vertcoin] (Nov 9)		<ref name="financemagnates-3964">[https://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/news/a-failed-hack-hackers-attempted-51-attack-on-vertcoin/ A Failed Hack: Hackers Attempted ‘51% Attack’ on Vertcoin] (Nov 9, 2021)</ref></references>

Azoundria: Created page with "{{Imported Case Study|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/vertcoin51attack.php}} VertcoinVertcoin is a blockchain especially designed to be resistant to ASIC mining, designed to be mined with graphics cards instead. In 2018, the network suffered a series of 4 separate reorganization incidents caused by 51% attacks. This is a global/international case not involving a specific country. == About Vertcoin == "Vertcoin (VTC) is a..."

2023-01-24T21:38:09Z

Created page with "{{Imported Case Study|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/vertcoin51attack.php}} thumb|VertcoinVertcoin is a blockchain especially designed to be resistant to ASIC mining, designed to be mined with graphics cards instead. In 2018, the network suffered a series of 4 separate reorganization incidents caused by 51% attacks. This is a global/international case not involving a specific country. == About Vertcoin == "Vertcoin (VTC) is a..."

New page

{{Imported Case Study|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/vertcoin51attack.php}}

[[File:Vertcoin.jpg|thumb|Vertcoin]]Vertcoin is a blockchain especially designed to be resistant to ASIC mining, designed to be mined with graphics cards instead. In 2018, the network suffered a series of 4 separate reorganization incidents caused by 51% attacks.

This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.

== About Vertcoin ==
"Vertcoin (VTC) is an open-source cryptocurrency created in early 2014 that focuses on decentralization. Vertcoin uses an ASIC resistant proof-of-work mechanism to issue new coins and incentivize miners to secure the network and validate transactions. Vertcoin's blockchain is maintained by a decentralized coalition of individuals collectively mining using modern graphics cards."

"The 51% attack on the Vertcoin network occurred between October and December 2018. Coinmonks estimated that a total of $100,000 worth of coins were double spent by an attacker in eight reorganizations of the Vertcoin blockchain. A chain reorganization or reorg occurs when a miner with more than 50% of hashrate comes up with an alternative transaction history by creating an extension of any chain and eventually replaces the network’s transaction history."

"Mark Nesbitt, a security expert, revealed that the blockchain of Vertcoin, a peer-to-peer PoW cryptocurrency, is under a 51% attack. The Coinbase engineer found that some anonymous cybercriminals rented a large amount of ASIC hash rate to attack the four-year-old cryptocurrency network. They eventually got hold of more than 50% of the mining hash rate which allowed them to own and govern the Vertcoin public chain literally."

"In 4 distinct incidents, the latest of which concluded on 12/2, Vertcoin (VTC) experienced 22 deep chain reorganizations, 15 of which included double spends of VTC." "The largest reorg was over 300 blocks deep."

"In the attack, transactions in some orphaned blocks were double spent in the eventually accepted transaction history. A total of 71,000 VTC ($50,000) were double spent. In the ensuing panic, the price per VTC decreased from $0.7 to $0.3 per coin."

"The first 5 reorgs did not include any double spends, while the [next] 3 all included double spend transactions of a total of 71,243 VTC." "There were [later] 8 reorgs in [another] incident, all of which included double spends for a total of 53,847 VTC. These reorgs were not as deep as the previous incident or either of the two subsequent incidents." "There were 2 reorgs in [early November], and we did not observe double spend transactions in either." The last set of reorgs consisted of "4 reorgs", "all of which included double spend transactions. These were the deepest reorgs observed that also included double spends, suggesting perhaps that the victim of double spends had raised confirmation requirements, forcing the attacker to expend more hashpower for each attack."

"Gert-Jaap Glasbergen, a Vertcoin developer, attributed the attack to the availability of cloud mining services and the release of specialized mining hardware for Vertcoin. Cloud mining services like NiceHash made it easy for an attacker to rent mining power at lower costs (purchasing and installing mining hardware for the same purpose is more expensive)."

"Exchanges make an ideal target for this sort of attack. This is because exchanges allow deposits to be quickly traded into different assets and then withdrawn. An attacker can make a soon-to-be-reversed deposit, trade for another asset, move the new asset off platform, and then reverse the original deposit."

"Exchanges find themselves with very few effective countermeasures for this sort of attack. When an attacker has greater than 51% of hashing power, no number of confirmations can make receiving deposits in the asset safe. An exchange that is under attack has no long term solution other than ceasing interaction with the asset’s blockchain. The fact that the most recent attack had a depth of 307 blocks shows the ineffectiveness of increased confirmations as a countermeasure to this type of attack."

"Some in the VTC community were quick to blame the developers, volunteers who are feverishly trying to fix the problem with an upcoming hard fork and who want to eliminate rented hash power and ASIC-fueled mining on the network. Vertcoin devs aren’t aware of any “culprit” or “victim.”"

"Vertcoin has since updated its mining algorithm to Lyra2REV3 in order to render specialized mining hardware ineffective for mining Vertcoin. There is also on-going development on Verthash, a new algorithm that will completely eliminate the use of specialized mining hardware on the Vertcoin network. The new Verthash algorithm is expected to tackle the problem of surges in hashrate due to rented GPUs. Vertcoin went from 138th in coin rankings in September of 2018 to 162nd today."

This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.

The background of the exchange platform, service, or individuals involved, as it would have been seen or understood at the time of the events.

Include:

* Known history of when and how the service was started.
* What problems does the company or service claim to solve?
* What marketing materials were used by the firm or business?
* Audits performed, and excerpts that may have been included.
* Business registration documents shown (fake or legitimate).
* How were people recruited to participate?
* Public warnings and announcements prior to the event.

Don't Include:

* Any wording which directly states or implies that the business is/was illegitimate, or that a vulnerability existed.
* Anything that wasn't reasonably knowable at the time of the event.
There could be more than one section here. If the same platform is involved with multiple incidents, then it can be linked to a main article page.

== The Reality ==
This sections is included if a case involved deception or information that was unknown at the time. Examples include:

* When the service was actually started (if different than the "official story").
* Who actually ran a service and their own personal history.
* How the service was structured behind the scenes. (For example, there was no "trading bot".)
* Details of what audits reported and how vulnerabilities were missed during auditing.

== What Happened ==
The specific events of the loss and how it came about. What actually happened to cause the loss and some of the events leading up to it.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key Event Timeline - Vertcoin 51% Attack
!Date
!Event
!Description
|-
|December 2nd, 2018 12:00:00 AM
|First Event
|This is an expanded description of what happened and the impact. If multiple lines are necessary, add them here.
|-
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|}

== Total Amount Lost ==
The total amount lost is unknown.

How much was lost and how was it calculated? If there are conflicting reports, which are accurate and where does the discrepancy lie?

== Immediate Reactions ==
How did the various parties involved (firm, platform, management, and/or affected individual(s)) deal with the events? Were services shut down? Were announcements made? Were groups formed?

== Ultimate Outcome ==
What was the end result? Was any investigation done? Were any individuals prosecuted? Was there a lawsuit? Was any tracing done?

== Total Amount Recovered ==
It is unknown how much was recovered.

What funds were recovered? What funds were reimbursed for those affected users?

== Ongoing Developments ==
What parts of this case are still remaining to be concluded?

== Prevention Policies ==
51% attacks can be prevented through a mix of increased block confirmation times and setting checkpoints to prevent large-scale reorganizations. This means the exchange will not credit newly deposited funds, and nodes will be prevented from accepting an older attacking chain.

== References ==
[https://cryptoslate.com/prolific-51-attacks-crypto-verge-ethereum-classic-bitcoin-gold-feathercoin-vertcoin/ Five most prolific 51% attacks in crypto: Verge, Ethereum Classic, Bitcoin Gold, Feathercoin, Vertcoin | CryptoSlate] (Sep 28)

[https://cointelegraph.com/news/verge-of-disaster-200-days-transactions-wiped-from-blockchain Verge of disaster: 200 days transactions wiped from blockchain] (Oct 1)

[https://vertcoin.org/ Vertcoin - Decentralized Peer-to-Peer Digital Currency] (Oct 18)

[https://u.today/guides/coins-guide/vertcoin/what-is-vertcoin-vtc What is Vertcoin (VTC) - Simple Explanation for Beginners] (Oct 18)

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertcoin Vertcoin - Wikipedia] (Nov 9)

[https://www.gq-magazin.de/auto-technik/article/vertcoin-wurde-opfer-einer-51-prozent-attacke Vertcoin wurde Opfer einer 51-Prozent-Attacke | Auto und Technik | GQ] (Nov 9)

[https://medium.com/coinmonks/vertcoin-vtc-is-currently-being-51-attacked-53ab633c08a4 Vertcoin Vtc Is Currently Being 51 Attacked] (Nov 9)

[https://www.ccn.com/vertcoin-hit-by-51-attack-allegedly-lost-100000-in-double-spending/ https://www.ccn.com/vertcoin-hit-by-51-attack-allegedly-lost-100000-in-double-spending/] (Nov 9)

[https://cryptobriefing.com/vertcoin-vtc-51-percent-attack/ Vertcoin Suffers A 51 Percent Attack - Crypto Briefing] (Nov 9)

[https://twitter.com/Canen01/status/1070006030258573317 @Canen01 Twitter] (Nov 9)

[https://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/news/a-failed-hack-hackers-attempted-51-attack-on-vertcoin/ A Failed Hack: Hackers Attempted ‘51% Attack’ on Vertcoin] (Nov 9)