Trezor Fault Injection Whitehack - Revision history

Azoundria: Another 30 minutes complete. Prevention added and much more research.

2023-07-18T21:44:14Z

Another 30 minutes complete. Prevention added and much more research.

Azoundria at 21:44, 7 May 2023

2023-05-07T21:44:43Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:44, 7 May 2023
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	{{Imported Case Study\|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/trezorfaultinjectionwhitehack.php}}		{{Imported Case Study 2\|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/trezorfaultinjectionwhitehack.php}}
	{{Unattributed Sources}}		{{Unattributed Sources}}

	[[File:Trezor.jpg\|thumb\|Trezor]]Early model Trezor hardware wallets were vulnerable to a fault injection attack, since they would put the PIN and key into RAM during the firmware update process. These wallets could be exploited if an adversary gained physical access to the wallet, since they could potentially trigger a firmware update and read the private key off the RAM. This was used to recover $2m worth of funds for a user who forgot their password to access their funds.		[[File:Trezor.jpg\|thumb\|Trezor]]Early model Trezor hardware wallets were vulnerable to a fault injection attack, since they would put the PIN and key into RAM during the firmware update process. These wallets could be exploited if an adversary gained physical access to the wallet, since they could potentially trigger a firmware update and read the private key off the RAM. This was used to recover $2m worth of funds for a user who forgot their password to access their funds.

	This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.		This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.<ref name="coinquora-7545" /><ref name="newstextarea-7546" /><ref name="trezortwitter-7547" /><ref name="mytokenwallettwitter-7548" /><ref name="trezor-6570" /><ref name="cointelegraph-7549" /><ref name="youtube-7550" /><ref name="tronweekly-7551" /><ref name="digitalmarketnews-7552" /><ref name="trezortwitter-7553" /><ref name="joegrandtwitter-7554" /><ref name="yahoofinance-7555" /><ref name="trezor-6569" /><ref name="voi-7870" /><ref name="bitcointalk-7871" /><ref name="bitcointalk-7872" /><ref name="beincrypto-7873" /><ref name="trezorblog-7874" /><ref name="reddit-7875" />
	<ref name="coinquora-7545" /><ref name="newstextarea-7546" /><ref name="trezortwitter-7547" /><ref name="mytokenwallettwitter-7548" /><ref name="trezor-6570" /><ref name="cointelegraph-7549" /><ref name="youtube-7550" /><ref name="tronweekly-7551" /><ref name="digitalmarketnews-7552" /><ref name="trezortwitter-7553" /><ref name="joegrandtwitter-7554" /><ref name="yahoofinance-7555" /><ref name="trezor-6569" /><ref name="voi-7870" /><ref name="bitcointalk-7871" /><ref name="bitcointalk-7872" /><ref name="beincrypto-7873" /><ref name="trezorblog-7874" /><ref name="reddit-7875" />

	== About Trezor ==		== About Trezor ==
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	!Description		!Description
	\|-		\|-
	\|January 18th, 2022 ~~12:00:00 AM~~		\|January 18th, 2022
	\|Main Event		\|Main Event
	\|Expand this into a brief description of what happened and the impact. If multiple lines are necessary, add them here.		\|Expand this into a brief description of what happened and the impact. If multiple lines are necessary, add them here.
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	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}

			== Technical Details ==
			This section includes specific detailed technical analysis of any security breaches which happened. What specific software vulnerabilities contributed to the problem and how were they exploited?

	== Total Amount Lost ==		== Total Amount Lost ==
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	== Ongoing Developments ==		== Ongoing Developments ==
	What parts of this case are still remaining to be concluded?		What parts of this case are still remaining to be concluded?
			== General Prevention Policies ==
			In general, it should be assumed that a sophisticated adversary with physical access to a hardware wallet could be able to extract the private key information. You can protect against this attack vector by storing wallets securely, setting up a multi-sig, or clearing the wallet data and only keeping the backup seed phrases stored securely. (Backup seed phrases offer more options for secure storage/transport as compared with a physical device.)
			== Individual Prevention Policies ==
			{{Prevention:Individuals:Placeholder}}

			{{Prevention:Individuals:End}}

			== Platform Prevention Policies ==
			{{Prevention:Platforms:Placeholder}}

			{{Prevention:Platforms:End}}

			== Regulatory Prevention Policies ==
			{{Prevention:Regulators:Placeholder}}

	== Prevention ~~Policies ==~~		{{Prevention:Regulators:End}}
	In general, it should be assumed that a sophisticated adversary with physical access to a hardware wallet could be able to extract the private key information. You can protect against this attack vector by storing wallets securely, setting up a multi-sig, or clearing the wallet data and only keeping the backup seed phrases stored securely. (Backup seed phrases offer more options for secure storage/transport as compared with a physical device.)

	== References ==		== References ==

Azoundria at 20:12, 28 February 2023

2023-02-28T20:12:05Z

Azoundria: Created page with "{{Imported Case Study|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/trezorfaultinjectionwhitehack.php}} TrezorEarly model Trezor hardware wallets were vulnerable to a fault injection attack, since they would put the PIN and key into RAM during the firmware update process. These wallets could be exploited if an adversary gained physical access to the wallet, since they could potentially trigger a firmware update and read the private key of..."

2023-01-28T16:40:09Z

Created page with "{{Imported Case Study|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/trezorfaultinjectionwhitehack.php}} thumb|TrezorEarly model Trezor hardware wallets were vulnerable to a fault injection attack, since they would put the PIN and key into RAM during the firmware update process. These wallets could be exploited if an adversary gained physical access to the wallet, since they could potentially trigger a firmware update and read the private key of..."

New page

{{Imported Case Study|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/trezorfaultinjectionwhitehack.php}}

[[File:Trezor.jpg|thumb|Trezor]]Early model Trezor hardware wallets were vulnerable to a fault injection attack, since they would put the PIN and key into RAM during the firmware update process. These wallets could be exploited if an adversary gained physical access to the wallet, since they could potentially trigger a firmware update and read the private key off the RAM. This was used to recover $2m worth of funds for a user who forgot their password to access their funds.

This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.

== About Trezor ==
"The safe place for your coins." "Store your coins with Trezor." "Hardware wallet is the safest way to manage & trade your cryptocurrencies."

"In 2018, Reich along with a friend decided to spend $50,000 worth of Bitcoin on Theta tokens, which were valued at just 21 cents back then." "Initially, the tokens were held on a China-based exchange but within weeks after a broad crackdown on cryptocurrency by the Chinese government, they had to transfer everything to a hardware wallet."

"When an investor named Dan Reich wanted to withdraw his $50,000 Theta (THETA) investment from his wallet in 2018, he realized that he forgot the password of his Trezor One wallet at that exact time." "After deciding to cash out an original investment of roughly $50,000 in Theta in 2018, Dan Reich, an NYC-based entrepreneur, and his friend realized that they had lost the security PIN to the Trezor One on which the tokens were stored. After unsuccessfully trying to guess the security PIN 12 times, they decided to quit before the wallet automatically wiped itself after 16 incorrect guesses." "The user who entered the security password incorrectly 12 times stopped without the 16th incorrect entry. 16. Incorrect password entry, all assets are automatically deleted. However, the investment rose to $2 million over time, and Reich reached out to Kingpin on this issue."

"Hacker Joe Grand, who lives in Portland and is also known as “Kingpin”, actually revealed everything with a YouTube video." "Joe explained he was able to access the PIN needed to get into the funds by using the fault injection attack- which changes the security of the microchips in the hardware to read the RAM."

"I was contacted to hack a Trezor One hardware wallet and recover $2 million worth of cryptocurrency (in the form of THETA). Knowing that existing research was already out there for this device, it seemed like it would be a slam dunk. Little did I realize the project would turn into a roller coaster ride with over three months of experimentation, failures, successes, and heart-stopping moments. It reminded me that hacking is always unpredictable, exciting, and educational, no matter how long you've been doing it. In this case, the stakes were higher than normal: I only had one chance to get it right."

"The key to this hack was that during a firmware update, the Trezor One wallets temporarily move the PIN and key to RAM, only to later move them back to flash once the firmware is installed. Grand found that in the version of firmware installed on Reich’s wallet, this information was not moved but copied to the RAM, which means that if the hack fails and the RAM is erased, the information about the PIN and key would still be stored in flash."

"Kingpin managed to find the password after 12 weeks of work. In fact, the key to this hack was the software replacement of Trezor One. Grand noticed that a Trezor One software update had begun saving the PIN and keyword to the Trezor One’s RAM drive. Using what was then known as a fault injection attack, the hacker hacked the RAM drive and displayed the password there."

"We are basically causing misbehavior on the silicon chip inside the device in order to defeat security." "After using a fault injection attack — a technique that alters the voltage going to the chip — Grand was able to surpass the security the microcontrollers have to prevent hackers from reading RAM, and obtained the PIN needed to access the wallet and the funds." "And what ended up happening is that I was sitting here watching the computer screen and saw that I was able to defeat the security, the private information, the recovery seed, and the pin that I was going after popped up on the screen."

"According to a recent tweet from Trezor, this vulnerability, which allows the pin to be read from the wallet’s RAM, is an older one that has already been fixed for newer devices." "Trezor, in a tweet, noted that this could only be possible for older ones of the hardware since it has been fixed in newer devices." "But unless drastic changes are introduced to the microcontroller, the fault injection attacks will still be posing a threat"

"Hi, we just want to add that the vulnerability was already fixed, and all new devices are shipped with a fixed bootloader. Thanks to @saleemrash1d for his security audit."

"Hi, this is an outdated exploit that is not a concern for current users and that we fixed in 2017, right after a report we received through our responsible disclosure program. The attack requires physical access to the device & there is no record of any funds being compromised."

"[T]he vulnerability was fixed by following a firmware update. If your device is updated to firmware 1.8.0 or higher, you are not affected. We suggest always updating Trezor to the latest version (you can check your current FW version in the devices settings section)."

This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.

The background of the exchange platform, service, or individuals involved, as it would have been seen or understood at the time of the events.

Include:

* Known history of when and how the service was started.
* What problems does the company or service claim to solve?
* What marketing materials were used by the firm or business?
* Audits performed, and excerpts that may have been included.
* Business registration documents shown (fake or legitimate).
* How were people recruited to participate?
* Public warnings and announcements prior to the event.

Don't Include:
* Any wording which directly states or implies that the business is/was illegitimate, or that a vulnerability existed.
* Anything that wasn't reasonably knowable at the time of the event.
There could be more than one section here. If the same platform is involved with multiple incidents, then it can be linked to a main article page.

== The Reality ==
This sections is included if a case involved deception or information that was unknown at the time. Examples include:

* When the service was actually started (if different than the "official story").
* Who actually ran a service and their own personal history.
* How the service was structured behind the scenes. (For example, there was no "trading bot".)
* Details of what audits reported and how vulnerabilities were missed during auditing.

== What Happened ==
The specific events of the loss and how it came about. What actually happened to cause the loss and some of the events leading up to it.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key Event Timeline - Trezor Fault Injection Whitehack
!Date
!Event
!Description
|-
|January 18th, 2022 12:00:00 AM
|Main Event
|Expand this into a brief description of what happened and the impact. If multiple lines are necessary, add them here.
|-
|
|
|
|}

== Total Amount Lost ==
The total amount at risk has been estimated at $2,000,000 USD. No funds were lost.

How much was lost and how was it calculated? If there are conflicting reports, which are accurate and where does the discrepancy lie?

== Immediate Reactions ==
How did the various parties involved (firm, platform, management, and/or affected individual(s)) deal with the events? Were services shut down? Were announcements made? Were groups formed?

== Ultimate Outcome ==
What was the end result? Was any investigation done? Were any individuals prosecuted? Was there a lawsuit? Was any tracing done?

== Total Amount Recovered ==
There do not appear to have been any funds recovered in this case.

What funds were recovered? What funds were reimbursed for those affected users?

== Ongoing Developments ==
What parts of this case are still remaining to be concluded?

== Prevention Policies ==
In general, it should be assumed that a sophisticated adversary with physical access to a hardware wallet could be able to extract the private key information. You can protect against this attack vector by storing wallets securely, setting up a multi-sig, or clearing the wallet data and only keeping the backup seed phrases stored securely. (Backup seed phrases offer more options for secure storage/transport as compared with a physical device.)

== References ==
[https://coinquora.com/portland-hacker-gets-access-to-trezor-wallet-recovers-2m-theta/ Portland Hacker Gets Access to Trezor Wallet, Recovers $2M Theta - CoinQuora] (Mar 20)

[https://newstextarea.com/unhackable-trezor-wallet-officially-hacked-2-million-lost-coins-received/ 2022 - Unhackable Trezor Wallet Officially Hacked: 2 Million "Lost" Coins Received! - News Text Area] (Apr 4)

[https://twitter.com/Trezor/status/1485736962262810626 @Trezor Twitter] (Apr 4)

[https://twitter.com/MyTokenWallet/status/1486175054559907844 @MyTokenWallet Twitter] (Apr 4)

[https://trezor.io/security/ https://trezor.io/security/] (Feb 20)

[https://cointelegraph.com/news/engineer-hacks-trezor-wallet-recovers-2m-in-lost-crypto Engineer hacks Trezor wallet, recovers $2M in 'lost' crypto] (Apr 4)

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dT9y-KQbqi4 How I hacked a hardware crypto wallet and recovered $2 million - YouTube] (Apr 4)

[https://www.tronweekly.com/engineer-hacked-a-trezor-wallet-recovered-2m/ How An Engineer Hacked A Trezor Wallet And Recovered $2M In Crypto] (Apr 4)

[https://www.digitalmarketnews.com/trezor-wallet-been-hacked-by-engineer/ Trezor Wallet Has Been Hacked By Engineer | Digital Market News] (Apr 4)

[https://twitter.com/Trezor/status/1488178249788272640 @Trezor Twitter] (Apr 4)

[https://twitter.com/joegrand/status/1485720743144935427 @joegrand Twitter] (Apr 4)

[https://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/2-million-worth-theta-recovered-175503875.html Here’s How $2 Million Worth Of Theta Was Recovered From A Trezor Wallet] (Apr 4)

[https://trezor.io/ https://trezor.io/] (Feb 20)

[https://voi.id/en/technology/128457/asked-to-please-restore-account-kingpin-instead-find-weaknesses-trezor-one-wallet Asked To Please Restore Account, Kingpin Instead Find Weaknesses Trezor One Wallet] (Jun 1)

[https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5383049.20 Trezor hacked (again)] (Jun 1)

[https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5383049.0 Trezor hacked (again)] (Jun 1)

[https://beincrypto.com/hardware-hacker-rescues-2m-crypto-trezor-wallet/ Hardware Hacker Rescues $2M in Crypto From Trezor Wallet - BeInCrypto] (Jun 1)

[https://blog.trezor.io/trezor-suite-update-february-2022-d83615405781 https://blog.trezor.io/trezor-suite-update-february-2022-d83615405781] (Jun 1)

[https://www.reddit.com/r/TREZOR/comments/s7svuz/trezor_suite_and_trezor_model_one_firmware/ Trezor Suite and Trezor Model One Firmware updates January 2022 : TREZOR] (Jun 1)

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:12, 28 February 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Imported Case Study\|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/trezorfaultinjectionwhitehack.php}}		{{Imported Case Study\|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/trezorfaultinjectionwhitehack.php}}
			{{Unattributed Sources}}

	[[File:Trezor.jpg\|thumb\|Trezor]]Early model Trezor hardware wallets were vulnerable to a fault injection attack, since they would put the PIN and key into RAM during the firmware update process. These wallets could be exploited if an adversary gained physical access to the wallet, since they could potentially trigger a firmware update and read the private key off the RAM. This was used to recover $2m worth of funds for a user who forgot their password to access their funds.		[[File:Trezor.jpg\|thumb\|Trezor]]Early model Trezor hardware wallets were vulnerable to a fault injection attack, since they would put the PIN and key into RAM during the firmware update process. These wallets could be exploited if an adversary gained physical access to the wallet, since they could potentially trigger a firmware update and read the private key off the RAM. This was used to recover $2m worth of funds for a user who forgot their password to access their funds.

	This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.		This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.
			<ref name="coinquora-7545" /><ref name="newstextarea-7546" /><ref name="trezortwitter-7547" /><ref name="mytokenwallettwitter-7548" /><ref name="trezor-6570" /><ref name="cointelegraph-7549" /><ref name="youtube-7550" /><ref name="tronweekly-7551" /><ref name="digitalmarketnews-7552" /><ref name="trezortwitter-7553" /><ref name="joegrandtwitter-7554" /><ref name="yahoofinance-7555" /><ref name="trezor-6569" /><ref name="voi-7870" /><ref name="bitcointalk-7871" /><ref name="bitcointalk-7872" /><ref name="beincrypto-7873" /><ref name="trezorblog-7874" /><ref name="reddit-7875" />

	== About Trezor ==		== About Trezor ==
Line 97:		Line 99:

	== References ==		== References ==
	[https://coinquora.com/portland-hacker-gets-access-to-trezor-wallet-recovers-2m-theta/ Portland Hacker Gets Access to Trezor Wallet, Recovers $2M Theta - CoinQuora] (Mar 20)		<references><ref name="coinquora-7545">[https://coinquora.com/portland-hacker-gets-access-to-trezor-wallet-recovers-2m-theta/ Portland Hacker Gets Access to Trezor Wallet, Recovers $2M Theta - CoinQuora] (Mar 20, 2022)</ref>

	[https://newstextarea.com/unhackable-trezor-wallet-officially-hacked-2-million-lost-coins-received/ 2022 - Unhackable Trezor Wallet Officially Hacked: 2 Million "Lost" Coins Received! - News Text Area] (Apr 4)		<ref name="newstextarea-7546">[https://newstextarea.com/unhackable-trezor-wallet-officially-hacked-2-million-lost-coins-received/ 2022 - Unhackable Trezor Wallet Officially Hacked: 2 Million "Lost" Coins Received! - News Text Area] (Apr 4, 2022)</ref>

	[https://twitter.com/Trezor/status/1485736962262810626 @Trezor Twitter] (Apr 4)		<ref name="trezortwitter-7547">[https://twitter.com/Trezor/status/1485736962262810626 @Trezor Twitter] (Apr 4, 2022)</ref>

	[https://twitter.com/MyTokenWallet/status/1486175054559907844 @MyTokenWallet Twitter] (Apr 4)		<ref name="mytokenwallettwitter-7548">[https://twitter.com/MyTokenWallet/status/1486175054559907844 @MyTokenWallet Twitter] (Apr 4, 2022)</ref>

	[https://trezor.io/security/ https://trezor.io/security/] (Feb 20)		<ref name="trezor-6570">[https://trezor.io/security/ https://trezor.io/security/] (Feb 20, 2022)</ref>

	[https://cointelegraph.com/news/engineer-hacks-trezor-wallet-recovers-2m-in-lost-crypto Engineer hacks Trezor wallet, recovers $2M in 'lost' crypto] (Apr 4)		<ref name="cointelegraph-7549">[https://cointelegraph.com/news/engineer-hacks-trezor-wallet-recovers-2m-in-lost-crypto Engineer hacks Trezor wallet, recovers $2M in 'lost' crypto] (Apr 4, 2022)</ref>

	[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dT9y-KQbqi4 How I hacked a hardware crypto wallet and recovered $2 million - YouTube] (Apr 4)		<ref name="youtube-7550">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dT9y-KQbqi4 How I hacked a hardware crypto wallet and recovered $2 million - YouTube] (Apr 4, 2022)</ref>

	[https://www.tronweekly.com/engineer-hacked-a-trezor-wallet-recovered-2m/ How An Engineer Hacked A Trezor Wallet And Recovered $2M In Crypto] (Apr 4)		<ref name="tronweekly-7551">[https://www.tronweekly.com/engineer-hacked-a-trezor-wallet-recovered-2m/ How An Engineer Hacked A Trezor Wallet And Recovered $2M In Crypto] (Apr 4, 2022)</ref>

	[https://www.digitalmarketnews.com/trezor-wallet-been-hacked-by-engineer/ Trezor Wallet Has Been Hacked By Engineer \| Digital Market News] (Apr 4)		<ref name="digitalmarketnews-7552">[https://www.digitalmarketnews.com/trezor-wallet-been-hacked-by-engineer/ Trezor Wallet Has Been Hacked By Engineer \| Digital Market News] (Apr 4, 2022)</ref>

	[https://twitter.com/Trezor/status/1488178249788272640 @Trezor Twitter] (Apr 4)		<ref name="trezortwitter-7553">[https://twitter.com/Trezor/status/1488178249788272640 @Trezor Twitter] (Apr 4, 2022)</ref>

	[https://twitter.com/joegrand/status/1485720743144935427 @joegrand Twitter] (Apr 4)		<ref name="joegrandtwitter-7554">[https://twitter.com/joegrand/status/1485720743144935427 @joegrand Twitter] (Apr 4, 2022)</ref>

	[https://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/2-million-worth-theta-recovered-175503875.html Here’s How $2 Million Worth Of Theta Was Recovered From A Trezor Wallet] (Apr 4)		<ref name="yahoofinance-7555">[https://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/2-million-worth-theta-recovered-175503875.html Here’s How $2 Million Worth Of Theta Was Recovered From A Trezor Wallet] (Apr 4, 2022)</ref>

	[https://trezor.io/ https://trezor.io/] (Feb 20)		<ref name="trezor-6569">[https://trezor.io/ https://trezor.io/] (Feb 20, 2022)</ref>

	[https://voi.id/en/technology/128457/asked-to-please-restore-account-kingpin-instead-find-weaknesses-trezor-one-wallet Asked To Please Restore Account, Kingpin Instead Find Weaknesses Trezor One Wallet] (Jun 1)		<ref name="voi-7870">[https://voi.id/en/technology/128457/asked-to-please-restore-account-kingpin-instead-find-weaknesses-trezor-one-wallet Asked To Please Restore Account, Kingpin Instead Find Weaknesses Trezor One Wallet] (Jun 1, 2022)</ref>

	[https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5383049.20 Trezor hacked (again)] (Jun 1)		<ref name="bitcointalk-7871">[https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5383049.20 Trezor hacked (again)] (Jun 1, 2022)</ref>

	[https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5383049.0 Trezor hacked (again)] (Jun 1)		<ref name="bitcointalk-7872">[https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5383049.0 Trezor hacked (again)] (Jun 1, 2022)</ref>

	[https://beincrypto.com/hardware-hacker-rescues-2m-crypto-trezor-wallet/ Hardware Hacker Rescues $2M in Crypto From Trezor Wallet - BeInCrypto] (Jun 1)		<ref name="beincrypto-7873">[https://beincrypto.com/hardware-hacker-rescues-2m-crypto-trezor-wallet/ Hardware Hacker Rescues $2M in Crypto From Trezor Wallet - BeInCrypto] (Jun 1, 2022)</ref>

	[https://blog.trezor.io/trezor-suite-update-february-2022-d83615405781 https://blog.trezor.io/trezor-suite-update-february-2022-d83615405781] (Jun 1)		<ref name="trezorblog-7874">[https://blog.trezor.io/trezor-suite-update-february-2022-d83615405781 https://blog.trezor.io/trezor-suite-update-february-2022-d83615405781] (Jun 1, 2022)</ref>

	[https://www.reddit.com/r/TREZOR/comments/s7svuz/trezor_suite_and_trezor_model_one_firmware/ Trezor Suite and Trezor Model One Firmware updates January 2022 : TREZOR] (Jun 1)		<ref name="reddit-7875">[https://www.reddit.com/r/TREZOR/comments/s7svuz/trezor_suite_and_trezor_model_one_firmware/ Trezor Suite and Trezor Model One Firmware updates January 2022 : TREZOR] (Jun 1, 2022)</ref></references>