Sakeswap ChainSwap Breach - Revision history

Azoundria at 23:55, 2 May 2023

2023-05-02T23:55:37Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:55, 2 May 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Imported Case Study\|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/sakeswapchainswapbreach.php}}		{{Imported Case Study 2\|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/sakeswapchainswapbreach.php}}
	{{Unattributed Sources}}		{{Unattributed Sources}}

Line 6:		Line 6:
	The ChainSwap bridge was hacked, and the attacker was able to obtain the tokens, which were sold. SakeSwap and ChainSwap ran a joint token swap reimbursement for affected users.		The ChainSwap bridge was hacked, and the attacker was able to obtain the tokens, which were sold. SakeSwap and ChainSwap ran a joint token swap reimbursement for affected users.

	This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.		This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.<ref name="theblockbeats-2619" /><ref name="chainswapmedium-2627" /><ref name="etherscan-2628" /><ref name="decrypt-2629" /><ref name="chainswaptwitter-2624" /><ref name="halborn-2630" /><ref name="cryptobriefing-2631" /><ref name="chainswapmedium-3239" /><ref name="rektnews-3240" /><ref name="openblocksecgithub-2342" /><ref name="sakeswapfinance-3337" /><ref name="sakeswapmedium-3338" /><ref name="sakeswapfinance-3339" /><ref name="sakeswapmedium-3340" /><ref name="sakeswapmedium-3341" /><ref name="sakeperpswaptwitter-3342" /><ref name="sakeperpswaptwitter-3343" /><ref name="sakeperpswaptwitter-3344" /><ref name="sakeperpswaptwitter-3345" /><ref name="sakeperpswaptwitter-3346" /><ref name="sakeperpswaptwitter-3347" /><ref name="sakeswap-3348" /><ref name="coinmarketcap-3349" /><ref name="losslesscashmedium-7654" /><ref name="cryptopotato-7657" />
	<ref name="theblockbeats-2619" /><ref name="chainswapmedium-2627" /><ref name="etherscan-2628" /><ref name="decrypt-2629" /><ref name="chainswaptwitter-2624" /><ref name="halborn-2630" /><ref name="cryptobriefing-2631" /><ref name="chainswapmedium-3239" /><ref name="rektnews-3240" /><ref name="openblocksecgithub-2342" /><ref name="sakeswapfinance-3337" /><ref name="sakeswapmedium-3338" /><ref name="sakeswapfinance-3339" /><ref name="sakeswapmedium-3340" /><ref name="sakeswapmedium-3341" /><ref name="sakeperpswaptwitter-3342" /><ref name="sakeperpswaptwitter-3343" /><ref name="sakeperpswaptwitter-3344" /><ref name="sakeperpswaptwitter-3345" /><ref name="sakeperpswaptwitter-3346" /><ref name="sakeperpswaptwitter-3347" /><ref name="sakeswap-3348" /><ref name="coinmarketcap-3349" /><ref name="losslesscashmedium-7654" /><ref name="cryptopotato-7657" />

	== About SakeSwap ==		== About SakeSwap ==
Line 83:		Line 82:
	!Description		!Description
	\|-		\|-
	\|July 11th, 2021 ~~12:00:00 AM~~		\|July 11th, 2021
	\|Main Event		\|Main Event
	\|Expand this into a brief description of what happened and the impact. If multiple lines are necessary, add them here.		\|Expand this into a brief description of what happened and the impact. If multiple lines are necessary, add them here.
Line 91:		Line 90:
	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}

			== Technical Details ==
			This section includes specific detailed technical analysis of any security breaches which happened. What specific software vulnerabilities contributed to the problem and how were they exploited?

	== Total Amount Lost ==		== Total Amount Lost ==
Line 110:		Line 112:
	== Ongoing Developments ==		== Ongoing Developments ==
	What parts of this case are still remaining to be concluded?		What parts of this case are still remaining to be concluded?
			== General Prevention Policies ==
	== Prevention Policies ==
	Theoretically, decentralized finance will eventually result in hackers having exploited every vulnerability that exists. However, it's impossible to know when that will occur and if a contract is truly secure, as opposed to there still being an exploit that just hasn't been noticed yet. For any complex smart contract, it's impossible to prove security and plenty of fully audited contracts have been exploited.		Theoretically, decentralized finance will eventually result in hackers having exploited every vulnerability that exists. However, it's impossible to know when that will occur and if a contract is truly secure, as opposed to there still being an exploit that just hasn't been noticed yet. For any complex smart contract, it's impossible to prove security and plenty of fully audited contracts have been exploited.

	In this situation, there was luckily not much taken, and it looks like it will be ultimately reimbursed. Platforms should, generally, be prepared for the full loss of all assets stored in hot wallets (including smart contracts). Assets that do not need to be accessed quickly should be stored securely in a simple offline multi-signature wallet.		In this situation, there was luckily not much taken, and it looks like it will be ultimately reimbursed. Platforms should, generally, be prepared for the full loss of all assets stored in hot wallets (including smart contracts). Assets that do not need to be accessed quickly should be stored securely in a simple offline multi-signature wallet.
			== Individual Prevention Policies ==
			{{Prevention:Individuals:Placeholder}}

			{{Prevention:Individuals:End}}

			== Platform Prevention Policies ==
			{{Prevention:Platforms:Placeholder}}

			{{Prevention:Platforms:End}}

			== Regulatory Prevention Policies ==
			{{Prevention:Regulators:Placeholder}}

			{{Prevention:Regulators:End}}

	== References ==		== References ==
Line 143:		Line 158:
	<ref name="sakeswapfinance-3339">[https://app.sakeswap.finance/SAKEen.pdf https://app.sakeswap.finance/SAKEen.pdf] (Sep 21, 2021)</ref>		<ref name="sakeswapfinance-3339">[https://app.sakeswap.finance/SAKEen.pdf https://app.sakeswap.finance/SAKEen.pdf] (Sep 21, 2021)</ref>

	<ref name="sakeswapmedium-3340">[https://sakeswap.medium.com/compensation-plan-for-sake-holders-on-okexchain-9d5912c7f06 ~~https://sakeswap.medium.com/compensation-plan-~~for~~-sake-~~holders-on~~-okexchain-9d5912c7f06~~] (Sep 21, 2021)</ref>		<ref name="sakeswapmedium-3340">[https://sakeswap.medium.com/compensation-plan-for-sake-holders-on-okexchain-9d5912c7f06 Compensation Plan for SAKE holders on OKExChain \| by SakePerp \| SakeSwap \| Medium] (Sep 21, 2021)</ref>

	<ref name="sakeswapmedium-3341">[https://sakeswap.medium.com/how-to-claim-my-compensation-a-guide-for-sake-holders-on-okexchain-d0afb376de9f How To Claim My Compensation A Guide For Sake Holders On Okexchain] (Sep 21, 2021)</ref>		<ref name="sakeswapmedium-3341">[https://sakeswap.medium.com/how-to-claim-my-compensation-a-guide-for-sake-holders-on-okexchain-d0afb376de9f How To Claim My Compensation A Guide For Sake Holders On Okexchain] (Sep 21, 2021)</ref>
Line 159:		Line 174:
	<ref name="sakeperpswaptwitter-3347">[https://twitter.com/Sake_Perp_Swap/status/1414820371132338179 @Sake_Perp_Swap Twitter] (Sep 21, 2021)</ref>		<ref name="sakeperpswaptwitter-3347">[https://twitter.com/Sake_Perp_Swap/status/1414820371132338179 @Sake_Perp_Swap Twitter] (Sep 21, 2021)</ref>

	<ref name="sakeswap-3348">[https://sakeswap.gitbook.io/sake/ ~~https://sakeswap~~.~~gitbook~~.~~io/sake/~~] (Sep 21, 2021)</ref>		<ref name="sakeswap-3348">[https://sakeswap.gitbook.io/sake/ Intro - SakePerp.fi & SakeSwap.fi] (Sep 21, 2021)</ref>

	<ref name="coinmarketcap-3349">[https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/sake-token/ ~~https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/sake-token/~~] (Sep 21, 2021)</ref>		<ref name="coinmarketcap-3349">[https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/sake-token/ SakeToken price today, SAKE to USD live, marketcap and chart \| CoinMarketCap] (Sep 21, 2021)</ref>

	<ref name="losslesscashmedium-7654">[https://losslesscash.medium.com/chainswap-post-mortem-deep-dive-into-the-exploit-b5e7d2f58758 Chainswap Post Mortem Deep Dive Into The Exploit] (May 7, 2022)</ref>		<ref name="losslesscashmedium-7654">[https://losslesscash.medium.com/chainswap-post-mortem-deep-dive-into-the-exploit-b5e7d2f58758 Chainswap Post Mortem Deep Dive Into The Exploit] (May 7, 2022)</ref>

	<ref name="cryptopotato-7657">[https://cryptopotato.com/random-numbers-dont-lie-a-closer-technical-look-into-recent-defi-hacks/ Random Numbers Don’t Lie: A Closer Technical Look into Recent DeFi Hacks] (May 7, 2022)</ref></references>		<ref name="cryptopotato-7657">[https://cryptopotato.com/random-numbers-dont-lie-a-closer-technical-look-into-recent-defi-hacks/ Random Numbers Don’t Lie: A Closer Technical Look into Recent DeFi Hacks] (May 7, 2022)</ref></references>

Azoundria at 03:51, 23 February 2023

2023-02-23T03:51:56Z

Azoundria: Created page with "{{Imported Case Study|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/sakeswapchainswapbreach.php}} SakeSwapSakeSwap is an automated market making service. Their token used ChainSwap to exist on multiple blockchains, which required some funds to be stored in the smart contract hot wallet. The ChainSwap bridge was hacked, and the attacker was able to obtain the tokens, which were sold. SakeSwap and ChainSwap ran a joint token swap reimbur..."

2023-01-27T21:02:06Z

Created page with "{{Imported Case Study|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/sakeswapchainswapbreach.php}} thumb|SakeSwapSakeSwap is an automated market making service. Their token used ChainSwap to exist on multiple blockchains, which required some funds to be stored in the smart contract hot wallet. The ChainSwap bridge was hacked, and the attacker was able to obtain the tokens, which were sold. SakeSwap and ChainSwap ran a joint token swap reimbur..."

New page

{{Imported Case Study|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/sakeswapchainswapbreach.php}}

[[File:Sakeswap.jpg|thumb|SakeSwap]]SakeSwap is an automated market making service. Their token used ChainSwap to exist on multiple blockchains, which required some funds to be stored in the smart contract hot wallet.

The ChainSwap bridge was hacked, and the attacker was able to obtain the tokens, which were sold. SakeSwap and ChainSwap ran a joint token swap reimbursement for affected users.

This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.

== About SakeSwap ==
"Inspired by Uniswap and Sushiswap, SakeSwap aims to improve the design of AMM in terms of price curves and contributor rewards."

"The SAKE token has two functions, which are entitling SAKE holders to governance rights and a portion of the fees paid to the protocol. Eventually, SAKE holders will own the protocol. SAKE tokens can entitle liquidity providers and traders to continue earning the benefit of the protocol development, which means the early adopters will be significant stakeholders of SakeSwap. Meanwhile, SakeSwap involves tokenomics of deflation to support the token price from a structural perspective."

"Unlike SUSHI Token that has unlimited total volume, we set SAKE token a limited total volume to avoid dilution and maintain project sustainability." "Instead of arbitrators acquiring all the slippage in Uniswap, liquidity providers in SakeSwap are enabled to capture profits otherwise captured by arbitrageurs with virtual trading curves." "To make the yield farming as easy as possible for current Uniswap LP token holders, Uniswap LP token holders, as we have learned from Sushiswap, can start farming directly by staking their LP tokens into SakeSwap."

"SAKE Dev Fund is set up for project sustainability and project security audit. 6% of every SAKE distribution is set aside for future iterations and the implementation of governance proposals. All bills for security audit will also be paid by the fund."

"SakeSwap will focus on the development of the Asset Issuance Platform + Swap, positioning itself as coinlist + swap. The new feature, ILO (initial liquidity offerings), is an innovative fundraising method that creates AMM liquidity pools directly for projects and investors. With SakeSwap ILO, projects built on Ethereum and Polkadot will be able to easily raise and exchange capital in public and develop from 0 to 1 quickly. Currently, ILO is deployed on Ethereum. And the Polkadot deployment is on the future plan."

"ChainSwap provides the bridge between Ethereum and OKExChain for SAKE holders."

"ChainSwap is a bridge protocol that links the Ethereum and Binance Smart Chain (BSC) blockchains." "It supports Binance Smart Chain, Ethereum, Polygon, and Huobi Eco Chain." "The ChainSwap hacker identified and exploited a vulnerability in the ChainSwap smart contract. This vulnerability enabled them to steal and mint new tokens for various protocols that were using the bridge to trade across Ethereum and BSC."

"ChainSwap was attacked due to an exploit which resulted in around 1.42 m SAKE tokens, that were locked in ChainSwap’s contract, to be stolen on July 11th. There were over 20 projects involved in this hack."

Investigation by ChainSwap revealed "a bug in the token cross-chain quota code. The on-chain swap bridge quota is automatically increased by the signature node, which is intended to be more decentralized without manual control. However, due to a logical flaw in code, this led to an exploit by allowing invalid addresses which weren’t whitelisted to automatically increase the amount."

"The attacker managed to take control of the projects’ BSC contracts by exploiting ChainSwap. The attacker minted tokens directly to their address, then sold them on BSC’s most popular decentralized exchange, PancakeSwap." "[T]he attacker used the PancakeSwap exchange to convert the stolen tokens to WBNB, DAI, and other tokens."

"For now, Chainswap has temporarily closed its cross-chain bridge." "The related ChainSwap mapping token addresses are frozen to filter out the hackers accounts. Since the bridge supported by ChainSwap is not functional, the KIP20 SAKE can’t be converted to ERC20 SAKE now." "Trading of the SAKE on Ethereum and BSC were NOT impacted and continue to operate as normal."

"ChainSwap worked with the police and OKEx to identify the attackers, and managed to negotiate the recovery of Corra and Rai tokens. An initial email with the attackers suggested the attackers return $1 million."

“Sorry for the trouble, you sound genuinely like great people but money is money,” the attackers of the earlier exploit told ChainSwap.

"ChainSwap is excited to announce that we have successfully integrated with Anyswap and Chainswap bridge is now live. We thank our community for its patience during the last few weeks."

"There will be 2 Compensation Plans available for all KIP20 SAKE holders to choose. All users who hold the KIP20 SAKE, their relevant wallets will be eligible for the compensation plan and will receive ERC20 SAKE or ASAP tokens as compensation."

"Sake devs will donate ERC20 SAKE from a Dev Account to KIP20 SAKE holders impacted." "ChainSwap will [also] compensate with ASAP tokens to KIP20 SAKE holders impacted." "SAKE holders on OKExChain only need to transfer the KIP20 SAKE tokens to the corresponding burn address to claim."

"The 6 SAKE farming pools on OKExChain will end in block height 4373581 (Estimated Date: July 20th 2021). All unharvested SAKE tokens holders are also eligible for the Compensation Plan."

"All transaction records before 10th August will be executed on 10th August. Your corresponding amount of compensation will be calculated by the plan you choose and will be distributed to the wallet address that was used to transfer KIP20 SAKE to the black hole."

"ERC20 $SAKE tokens were distributed to the holders on #OKExChain as compensation. All compensations were operated based on on-chain transfer records of the black hole address."

This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.

The background of the exchange platform, service, or individuals involved, as it would have been seen or understood at the time of the events.

Include:

* Known history of when and how the service was started.
* What problems does the company or service claim to solve?
* What marketing materials were used by the firm or business?
* Audits performed, and excerpts that may have been included.
* Business registration documents shown (fake or legitimate).
* How were people recruited to participate?
* Public warnings and announcements prior to the event.

Don't Include:
* Any wording which directly states or implies that the business is/was illegitimate, or that a vulnerability existed.
* Anything that wasn't reasonably knowable at the time of the event.
There could be more than one section here. If the same platform is involved with multiple incidents, then it can be linked to a main article page.

== The Reality ==
This sections is included if a case involved deception or information that was unknown at the time. Examples include:

* When the service was actually started (if different than the "official story").
* Who actually ran a service and their own personal history.
* How the service was structured behind the scenes. (For example, there was no "trading bot".)
* Details of what audits reported and how vulnerabilities were missed during auditing.

== What Happened ==
The specific events of the loss and how it came about. What actually happened to cause the loss and some of the events leading up to it.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key Event Timeline - Sakeswap ChainSwap Breach
!Date
!Event
!Description
|-
|July 11th, 2021 12:00:00 AM
|Main Event
|Expand this into a brief description of what happened and the impact. If multiple lines are necessary, add them here.
|-
|
|
|
|}

== Total Amount Lost ==
The total amount lost has been estimated at $54,000 USD.

How much was lost and how was it calculated? If there are conflicting reports, which are accurate and where does the discrepancy lie?

== Immediate Reactions ==
How did the various parties involved (firm, platform, management, and/or affected individual(s)) deal with the events? Were services shut down? Were announcements made? Were groups formed?

== Ultimate Outcome ==
What was the end result? Was any investigation done? Were any individuals prosecuted? Was there a lawsuit? Was any tracing done?

== Total Amount Recovered ==
There do not appear to have been any funds recovered in this case.

What funds were recovered? What funds were reimbursed for those affected users?

== Ongoing Developments ==
What parts of this case are still remaining to be concluded?

== Prevention Policies ==
Theoretically, decentralized finance will eventually result in hackers having exploited every vulnerability that exists. However, it's impossible to know when that will occur and if a contract is truly secure, as opposed to there still being an exploit that just hasn't been noticed yet. For any complex smart contract, it's impossible to prove security and plenty of fully audited contracts have been exploited.

In this situation, there was luckily not much taken, and it looks like it will be ultimately reimbursed. Platforms should, generally, be prepared for the full loss of all assets stored in hot wallets (including smart contracts). Assets that do not need to be accessed quickly should be stored securely in a simple offline multi-signature wallet.

== References ==
[https://www.theblockbeats.com/en/news/25348 Chainswap Black Sunday, over 20 DEFI projects were stolen - 律动BlockBeats] (Aug 23)

[https://chain-swap.medium.com/chainswap-exploit-11-july-2021-post-mortem-6e4e346e5a32 ChainSwap Exploit 11 July 2021 Post-Mortem | by ChainSwap | Medium] (Aug 23)

[https://etherscan.io/address/0x06c24002f43e3AF904EeEc581734EA3A7DbF355E#code MappableToken | 0x06c24002f43e3AF904EeEc581734EA3A7DbF355E] (Aug 23)

[https://decrypt.co/75698/chainswap-exploit-leads-to-multi-million-loss-for-defi-tokens ChainSwap Exploit Leads to Multi-Million Loss For DeFi Tokens - Decrypt] (Aug 23)

[https://twitter.com/chain_swap/status/1414019554603307017 @chain_swap Twitter] (Aug 23)

[https://halborn.com/explained-the-chainswap-hack-july-2021/ Explained: The ChainSwap Hack (July 2021) - Halborn] (Aug 23)

[https://cryptobriefing.com/8-million-lost-major-chainswap-exploit/ $8 Million Lost in Major ChainSwap Exploit | Crypto Briefing] (Aug 23)

[https://chain-swap.medium.com/chainswap-re-launch-we-are-live-5e85d2f9c80f ChainSwap re-launch, we are live. ChainSwap is excited to announce that… | by ChainSwap | Medium] (Aug 28)

[https://www.rekt.news/chainswap-rekt/ Rekt - ChainSwap - REKT] (Aug 28)

[https://github.com/openblocksec/blocksec-incidents/blob/main/defi/2021.md blocksec-incidents/2021.md at main · openblocksec/blocksec-incidents · GitHub] (Aug 10)

[https://app.sakeswap.finance/ Sake Swap] (Sep 17)

[https://sakeswap.medium.com/introducing-sakeswap-and-sake-token-8638d50b0b58 Introducing Sakeswap And Sake Token] (Sep 20)

[https://app.sakeswap.finance/SAKEen.pdf https://app.sakeswap.finance/SAKEen.pdf] (Sep 20)

[https://sakeswap.medium.com/compensation-plan-for-sake-holders-on-okexchain-9d5912c7f06 https://sakeswap.medium.com/compensation-plan-for-sake-holders-on-okexchain-9d5912c7f06] (Sep 20)

[https://sakeswap.medium.com/how-to-claim-my-compensation-a-guide-for-sake-holders-on-okexchain-d0afb376de9f How To Claim My Compensation A Guide For Sake Holders On Okexchain] (Sep 20)

[https://twitter.com/Sake_Perp_Swap/status/1425379148093034498 @Sake_Perp_Swap Twitter] (Sep 20)

[https://twitter.com/Sake_Perp_Swap/status/1420649597110685699 @Sake_Perp_Swap Twitter] (Sep 20)

[https://twitter.com/Sake_Perp_Swap/status/1423463641135796226 @Sake_Perp_Swap Twitter] (Sep 20)

[https://twitter.com/Sake_Perp_Swap/status/1421140191796817921 @Sake_Perp_Swap Twitter] (Sep 20)

[https://twitter.com/Sake_Perp_Swap/status/1420064433548627971 @Sake_Perp_Swap Twitter] (Sep 20)

[https://twitter.com/Sake_Perp_Swap/status/1414820371132338179 @Sake_Perp_Swap Twitter] (Sep 20)

[https://sakeswap.gitbook.io/sake/ https://sakeswap.gitbook.io/sake/] (Sep 20)

[https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/sake-token/ https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/sake-token/] (Sep 20)

[https://losslesscash.medium.com/chainswap-post-mortem-deep-dive-into-the-exploit-b5e7d2f58758 Chainswap Post Mortem Deep Dive Into The Exploit] (May 7)

[https://cryptopotato.com/random-numbers-dont-lie-a-closer-technical-look-into-recent-defi-hacks/ Random Numbers Don’t Lie: A Closer Technical Look into Recent DeFi Hacks] (May 7)

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:51, 22 February 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Imported Case Study\|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/sakeswapchainswapbreach.php}}		{{Imported Case Study\|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/sakeswapchainswapbreach.php}}
			{{Unattributed Sources}}

	[[File:Sakeswap.jpg\|thumb\|SakeSwap]]SakeSwap is an automated market making service. Their token used ChainSwap to exist on multiple blockchains, which required some funds to be stored in the smart contract hot wallet.		[[File:Sakeswap.jpg\|thumb\|SakeSwap]]SakeSwap is an automated market making service. Their token used ChainSwap to exist on multiple blockchains, which required some funds to be stored in the smart contract hot wallet.
Line 6:		Line 7:

	This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.		This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.
			<ref name="theblockbeats-2619" /><ref name="chainswapmedium-2627" /><ref name="etherscan-2628" /><ref name="decrypt-2629" /><ref name="chainswaptwitter-2624" /><ref name="halborn-2630" /><ref name="cryptobriefing-2631" /><ref name="chainswapmedium-3239" /><ref name="rektnews-3240" /><ref name="openblocksecgithub-2342" /><ref name="sakeswapfinance-3337" /><ref name="sakeswapmedium-3338" /><ref name="sakeswapfinance-3339" /><ref name="sakeswapmedium-3340" /><ref name="sakeswapmedium-3341" /><ref name="sakeperpswaptwitter-3342" /><ref name="sakeperpswaptwitter-3343" /><ref name="sakeperpswaptwitter-3344" /><ref name="sakeperpswaptwitter-3345" /><ref name="sakeperpswaptwitter-3346" /><ref name="sakeperpswaptwitter-3347" /><ref name="sakeswap-3348" /><ref name="coinmarketcap-3349" /><ref name="losslesscashmedium-7654" /><ref name="cryptopotato-7657" />

	== About SakeSwap ==		== About SakeSwap ==
Line 115:		Line 117:

	== References ==		== References ==
	[https://www.theblockbeats.com/en/news/25348 Chainswap Black Sunday, over 20 DEFI projects were stolen - 律动BlockBeats] (Aug 23)		<references><ref name="theblockbeats-2619">[https://www.theblockbeats.com/en/news/25348 Chainswap Black Sunday, over 20 DEFI projects were stolen - 律动BlockBeats] (Aug 24, 2021)</ref>

	[https://chain-swap.medium.com/chainswap-exploit-11-july-2021-post-mortem-6e4e346e5a32 ChainSwap Exploit 11 July 2021 Post-Mortem \| by ChainSwap \| Medium] (Aug 23)		<ref name="chainswapmedium-2627">[https://chain-swap.medium.com/chainswap-exploit-11-july-2021-post-mortem-6e4e346e5a32 ChainSwap Exploit 11 July 2021 Post-Mortem \| by ChainSwap \| Medium] (Aug 24, 2021)</ref>

	[https://etherscan.io/address/0x06c24002f43e3AF904EeEc581734EA3A7DbF355E#code MappableToken \| 0x06c24002f43e3AF904EeEc581734EA3A7DbF355E] (Aug 23)		<ref name="etherscan-2628">[https://etherscan.io/address/0x06c24002f43e3AF904EeEc581734EA3A7DbF355E#code MappableToken \| 0x06c24002f43e3AF904EeEc581734EA3A7DbF355E] (Aug 24, 2021)</ref>

	[https://decrypt.co/75698/chainswap-exploit-leads-to-multi-million-loss-for-defi-tokens ChainSwap Exploit Leads to Multi-Million Loss For DeFi Tokens - Decrypt] (Aug 23)		<ref name="decrypt-2629">[https://decrypt.co/75698/chainswap-exploit-leads-to-multi-million-loss-for-defi-tokens ChainSwap Exploit Leads to Multi-Million Loss For DeFi Tokens - Decrypt] (Aug 24, 2021)</ref>

	[https://twitter.com/chain_swap/status/1414019554603307017 @chain_swap Twitter] (Aug 23)		<ref name="chainswaptwitter-2624">[https://twitter.com/chain_swap/status/1414019554603307017 @chain_swap Twitter] (Aug 24, 2021)</ref>

	[https://halborn.com/explained-the-chainswap-hack-july-2021/ Explained: The ChainSwap Hack (July 2021) - Halborn] (Aug 23)		<ref name="halborn-2630">[https://halborn.com/explained-the-chainswap-hack-july-2021/ Explained: The ChainSwap Hack (July 2021) - Halborn] (Aug 24, 2021)</ref>

	[https://cryptobriefing.com/8-million-lost-major-chainswap-exploit/ $8 Million Lost in Major ChainSwap Exploit \| Crypto Briefing] (Aug 23)		<ref name="cryptobriefing-2631">[https://cryptobriefing.com/8-million-lost-major-chainswap-exploit/ $8 Million Lost in Major ChainSwap Exploit \| Crypto Briefing] (Aug 24, 2021)</ref>

	[https://chain-swap.medium.com/chainswap-re-launch-we-are-live-5e85d2f9c80f ChainSwap re-launch, we are live. ChainSwap is excited to announce that… \| by ChainSwap \| Medium] (Aug 28)		<ref name="chainswapmedium-3239">[https://chain-swap.medium.com/chainswap-re-launch-we-are-live-5e85d2f9c80f ChainSwap re-launch, we are live. ChainSwap is excited to announce that… \| by ChainSwap \| Medium] (Aug 29, 2021)</ref>

	[https://www.rekt.news/chainswap-rekt/ Rekt - ChainSwap - REKT] (Aug 28)		<ref name="rektnews-3240">[https://www.rekt.news/chainswap-rekt/ Rekt - ChainSwap - REKT] (Aug 29, 2021)</ref>

	[https://github.com/openblocksec/blocksec-incidents/blob/main/defi/2021.md blocksec-incidents/2021.md at main · openblocksec/blocksec-incidents · GitHub] (Aug 10)		<ref name="openblocksecgithub-2342">[https://github.com/openblocksec/blocksec-incidents/blob/main/defi/2021.md blocksec-incidents/2021.md at main · openblocksec/blocksec-incidents · GitHub] (Aug 11, 2021)</ref>

	[https://app.sakeswap.finance/ Sake Swap] (Sep 17)		<ref name="sakeswapfinance-3337">[https://app.sakeswap.finance/ Sake Swap] (Sep 18, 2021)</ref>

	[https://sakeswap.medium.com/introducing-sakeswap-and-sake-token-8638d50b0b58 Introducing Sakeswap And Sake Token] (Sep 20)		<ref name="sakeswapmedium-3338">[https://sakeswap.medium.com/introducing-sakeswap-and-sake-token-8638d50b0b58 Introducing Sakeswap And Sake Token] (Sep 21, 2021)</ref>

	[https://app.sakeswap.finance/SAKEen.pdf https://app.sakeswap.finance/SAKEen.pdf] (Sep 20)		<ref name="sakeswapfinance-3339">[https://app.sakeswap.finance/SAKEen.pdf https://app.sakeswap.finance/SAKEen.pdf] (Sep 21, 2021)</ref>

	[https://sakeswap.medium.com/compensation-plan-for-sake-holders-on-okexchain-9d5912c7f06 https://sakeswap.medium.com/compensation-plan-for-sake-holders-on-okexchain-9d5912c7f06] (Sep 20)		<ref name="sakeswapmedium-3340">[https://sakeswap.medium.com/compensation-plan-for-sake-holders-on-okexchain-9d5912c7f06 https://sakeswap.medium.com/compensation-plan-for-sake-holders-on-okexchain-9d5912c7f06] (Sep 21, 2021)</ref>

	[https://sakeswap.medium.com/how-to-claim-my-compensation-a-guide-for-sake-holders-on-okexchain-d0afb376de9f How To Claim My Compensation A Guide For Sake Holders On Okexchain] (Sep 20)		<ref name="sakeswapmedium-3341">[https://sakeswap.medium.com/how-to-claim-my-compensation-a-guide-for-sake-holders-on-okexchain-d0afb376de9f How To Claim My Compensation A Guide For Sake Holders On Okexchain] (Sep 21, 2021)</ref>

	[https://twitter.com/Sake_Perp_Swap/status/1425379148093034498 @Sake_Perp_Swap Twitter] (Sep 20)		<ref name="sakeperpswaptwitter-3342">[https://twitter.com/Sake_Perp_Swap/status/1425379148093034498 @Sake_Perp_Swap Twitter] (Sep 21, 2021)</ref>

	[https://twitter.com/Sake_Perp_Swap/status/1420649597110685699 @Sake_Perp_Swap Twitter] (Sep 20)		<ref name="sakeperpswaptwitter-3343">[https://twitter.com/Sake_Perp_Swap/status/1420649597110685699 @Sake_Perp_Swap Twitter] (Sep 21, 2021)</ref>

	[https://twitter.com/Sake_Perp_Swap/status/1423463641135796226 @Sake_Perp_Swap Twitter] (Sep 20)		<ref name="sakeperpswaptwitter-3344">[https://twitter.com/Sake_Perp_Swap/status/1423463641135796226 @Sake_Perp_Swap Twitter] (Sep 21, 2021)</ref>

	[https://twitter.com/Sake_Perp_Swap/status/1421140191796817921 @Sake_Perp_Swap Twitter] (Sep 20)		<ref name="sakeperpswaptwitter-3345">[https://twitter.com/Sake_Perp_Swap/status/1421140191796817921 @Sake_Perp_Swap Twitter] (Sep 21, 2021)</ref>

	[https://twitter.com/Sake_Perp_Swap/status/1420064433548627971 @Sake_Perp_Swap Twitter] (Sep 20)		<ref name="sakeperpswaptwitter-3346">[https://twitter.com/Sake_Perp_Swap/status/1420064433548627971 @Sake_Perp_Swap Twitter] (Sep 21, 2021)</ref>

	[https://twitter.com/Sake_Perp_Swap/status/1414820371132338179 @Sake_Perp_Swap Twitter] (Sep 20)		<ref name="sakeperpswaptwitter-3347">[https://twitter.com/Sake_Perp_Swap/status/1414820371132338179 @Sake_Perp_Swap Twitter] (Sep 21, 2021)</ref>

	[https://sakeswap.gitbook.io/sake/ https://sakeswap.gitbook.io/sake/] (Sep 20)		<ref name="sakeswap-3348">[https://sakeswap.gitbook.io/sake/ https://sakeswap.gitbook.io/sake/] (Sep 21, 2021)</ref>

	[https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/sake-token/ https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/sake-token/] (Sep 20)		<ref name="coinmarketcap-3349">[https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/sake-token/ https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/sake-token/] (Sep 21, 2021)</ref>

	[https://losslesscash.medium.com/chainswap-post-mortem-deep-dive-into-the-exploit-b5e7d2f58758 Chainswap Post Mortem Deep Dive Into The Exploit] (May 7)		<ref name="losslesscashmedium-7654">[https://losslesscash.medium.com/chainswap-post-mortem-deep-dive-into-the-exploit-b5e7d2f58758 Chainswap Post Mortem Deep Dive Into The Exploit] (May 7, 2022)</ref>

	[https://cryptopotato.com/random-numbers-dont-lie-a-closer-technical-look-into-recent-defi-hacks/ Random Numbers Don’t Lie: A Closer Technical Look into Recent DeFi Hacks] (May 7)		<ref name="cryptopotato-7657">[https://cryptopotato.com/random-numbers-dont-lie-a-closer-technical-look-into-recent-defi-hacks/ Random Numbers Don’t Lie: A Closer Technical Look into Recent DeFi Hacks] (May 7, 2022)</ref></references>