KwikSwap ChainSwap Breach - Revision history

Azoundria at 17:49, 3 May 2023

2023-05-03T17:49:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:49, 3 May 2023
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	{{Imported Case Study\|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/kwikswapchainswapbreach.php}}		{{Imported Case Study 2\|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/kwikswapchainswapbreach.php}}
	{{Unattributed Sources}}		{{Unattributed Sources}}

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	The ChainSwap bridge was hacked, and the attacker was able to obtain the tokens. KwikSwap appears to have been quickly able to freeze the funds and restore the normal level of service, and ultimately ended up migrating off the BSC platform as a result.		The ChainSwap bridge was hacked, and the attacker was able to obtain the tokens. KwikSwap appears to have been quickly able to freeze the funds and restore the normal level of service, and ultimately ended up migrating off the BSC platform as a result.

	This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.		This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.<ref name="theblockbeats-2619" /><ref name="chainswapmedium-2627" /><ref name="etherscan-2628" /><ref name="decrypt-2629" /><ref name="chainswaptwitter-2624" /><ref name="halborn-2630" /><ref name="cryptobriefing-2631" /><ref name="chainswapmedium-3239" /><ref name="rektnews-3240" /><ref name="openblocksecgithub-2342" /><ref name="kwikswap-3312" /><ref name="accesswire-3313" /><ref name="kwikswap-3314" /><ref name="kwikswapdextwitter-3315" /><ref name="polkadotecosystempromoteammedium-3316" /><ref name="cryptodaily-3317" /><ref name="kwikswapdextwitter-3318" /><ref name="kwikswapdextwitter-3319" /><ref name="losslesscashmedium-7654" /><ref name="cryptopotato-7657" />
	<ref name="theblockbeats-2619" /><ref name="chainswapmedium-2627" /><ref name="etherscan-2628" /><ref name="decrypt-2629" /><ref name="chainswaptwitter-2624" /><ref name="halborn-2630" /><ref name="cryptobriefing-2631" /><ref name="chainswapmedium-3239" /><ref name="rektnews-3240" /><ref name="openblocksecgithub-2342" /><ref name="kwikswap-3312" /><ref name="accesswire-3313" /><ref name="kwikswap-3314" /><ref name="kwikswapdextwitter-3315" /><ref name="polkadotecosystempromoteammedium-3316" /><ref name="cryptodaily-3317" /><ref name="kwikswapdextwitter-3318" /><ref name="kwikswapdextwitter-3319" /><ref name="losslesscashmedium-7654" /><ref name="cryptopotato-7657" />

	== About KwikSwap ==		== About KwikSwap ==
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	!Description		!Description
	\|-		\|-
	\|July 11th, 2021 ~~12:00:00 AM~~		\|July 11th, 2021
	\|Main Event		\|Main Event
	\|Expand this into a brief description of what happened and the impact. If multiple lines are necessary, add them here.		\|Expand this into a brief description of what happened and the impact. If multiple lines are necessary, add them here.
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	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}

			== Technical Details ==
			This section includes specific detailed technical analysis of any security breaches which happened. What specific software vulnerabilities contributed to the problem and how were they exploited?

	== Total Amount Lost ==		== Total Amount Lost ==
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	== Ongoing Developments ==		== Ongoing Developments ==
	What parts of this case are still remaining to be concluded?		What parts of this case are still remaining to be concluded?
			== General Prevention Policies ==
	== Prevention Policies ==
	Theoretically, decentralized finance will eventually result in hackers having exploited every vulnerability that exists. However, it's impossible to know when that will occur and if a contract is truly secure, as opposed to there still being an exploit that just hasn't been noticed yet. For any complex smart contract, it's impossible to prove security and plenty of fully audited contracts have been exploited.		Theoretically, decentralized finance will eventually result in hackers having exploited every vulnerability that exists. However, it's impossible to know when that will occur and if a contract is truly secure, as opposed to there still being an exploit that just hasn't been noticed yet. For any complex smart contract, it's impossible to prove security and plenty of fully audited contracts have been exploited.

	In this situation, there was luckily not much taken. Platforms should, generally, be prepared for the full loss of all assets stored in hot wallets (including smart contracts). Assets that do not need to be accessed quickly should be stored securely in a simple offline multi-signature wallet.		In this situation, there was luckily not much taken. Platforms should, generally, be prepared for the full loss of all assets stored in hot wallets (including smart contracts). Assets that do not need to be accessed quickly should be stored securely in a simple offline multi-signature wallet.
			== Individual Prevention Policies ==
			{{Prevention:Individuals:Placeholder}}

			{{Prevention:Individuals:End}}

			== Platform Prevention Policies ==
			{{Prevention:Platforms:Placeholder}}

			{{Prevention:Platforms:End}}

			== Regulatory Prevention Policies ==
			{{Prevention:Regulators:Placeholder}}

			{{Prevention:Regulators:End}}

	== References ==		== References ==

Azoundria at 03:51, 23 February 2023

2023-02-23T03:51:28Z

Azoundria: Created page with "{{Imported Case Study|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/kwikswapchainswapbreach.php}} KwikSwapKwikSwap is a decentralized exchange for swapping between tokens. Their token used ChainSwap to exist on multiple blockchains, which required some funds to be stored in the smart contract hot wallet. The ChainSwap bridge was hacked, and the attacker was able to obtain the tokens. KwikSwap appears to have been quickly able to freeze..."

2023-01-27T21:00:26Z

Created page with "{{Imported Case Study|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/kwikswapchainswapbreach.php}} thumb|KwikSwapKwikSwap is a decentralized exchange for swapping between tokens. Their token used ChainSwap to exist on multiple blockchains, which required some funds to be stored in the smart contract hot wallet. The ChainSwap bridge was hacked, and the attacker was able to obtain the tokens. KwikSwap appears to have been quickly able to freeze..."

New page

{{Imported Case Study|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/kwikswapchainswapbreach.php}}

[[File:Kwikswap.jpg|thumb|KwikSwap]]KwikSwap is a decentralized exchange for swapping between tokens. Their token used ChainSwap to exist on multiple blockchains, which required some funds to be stored in the smart contract hot wallet.

The ChainSwap bridge was hacked, and the attacker was able to obtain the tokens. KwikSwap appears to have been quickly able to freeze the funds and restore the normal level of service, and ultimately ended up migrating off the BSC platform as a result.

This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.

== About KwikSwap ==
"Kwikswap is a decentralised protocol built on the Ethereum Network. Kwikswap is the first multi-chain DEX on Astar and Reef Chain. Future iterations will also see Kwikswap DEX developed on Acala Network and Polkadot."

"Much like Uniswap, Kwikswap enables developers to build on its API’s and dApp UI and source code which can assist in extending the reach of the protocol."

"Kwikswap allows the creation of token markets, web 3.0 wallet connectivity, no requirement for KYC and features layer 2 scaling. You always control your funds for a completely decentralized experience!"

"The plan is to deploy the Kwikswap DEX on PLASM and ACALA on Polkadot to bring additional features like staking, Voting, Stablecoins, and more. This will make Kwikswap the first cross-chain DEX to be deployed on two-layer 2 solutions on Polkadot."

"Kwikswap capitalizes on the massive potential of decentralized finance to overshadow traditional finance by allowing users to participate and get rewarded for their efforts. This comes with maximum user-experience convenience and perks like eliminating third-party involvement in payments and value transfer."

"As implied by its name, Kwikswap is already on its way to becoming the biggest, most-lucrative, straightforward, practical, fastest, and cheapest decentralized exchange in the world."

"ChainSwap is a bridge protocol that links the Ethereum and Binance Smart Chain (BSC) blockchains." "It supports Binance Smart Chain, Ethereum, Polygon, and Huobi Eco Chain." "The ChainSwap hacker identified and exploited a vulnerability in the ChainSwap smart contract. This vulnerability enabled them to steal and mint new tokens for various protocols that were using the bridge to trade across Ethereum and BSC."

Investigation by ChainSwap revealed "a bug in the token cross-chain quota code. The on-chain swap bridge quota is automatically increased by the signature node, which is intended to be more decentralized without manual control. However, due to a logical flaw in code, this led to an exploit by allowing invalid addresses which weren’t whitelisted to automatically increase the amount."

"IMPORTANT NOTICE: Unfortunately our BEP-20 tokens have been impacted by the Chainswap Hack. We have removed our markets whilst our dev team and the Chainswap team investigate this further. We will update ASAP."

"The attacker managed to take control of the projects’ BSC contracts by exploiting ChainSwap. The attacker minted tokens directly to their address, then sold them on BSC’s most popular decentralized exchange, PancakeSwap." "[T]he attacker used the PancakeSwap exchange to convert the stolen tokens to WBNB, DAI, and other tokens."

"All holders and LPs pre-hack have been snapshotted. We will airdrop 1:1 new $ASAP tokens pre-hack, this includes $ASAP holders on exchanges. Liquidity will be re-added." "Please do not buy the currently traded $ASAP." "A compensation plan will be put into action for affected tokens"

"The price of KWIK has suffered recently due to the hack of the ChainSwap DEX where the token was listed. The hacker stole $8 million due to the security breach and crashed the price of all tokens that were traded on that DEX, including $KWIK. It should be noted, that it wasn’t related to KwikSwap at all, just some bad luck."

"Chainswap said it had already repurchased a small amount of the affected tokens from the market and returned the contract wallet. The rest will be paid out in full by the Chainswap vault." "ChainSwap team has now prepared and executed a compensation plan in consensus with the affected projects." "In order to bring everybody a more rigorous, efficient bridge, the next development model of ChainSwap will be adjusted to ensure maximum safety."

"We have concluded our investigation and that the hacker doesn’t have any additional Kwik Token. We will re-instate our KWIK token market within a few hours. There is no reason for a token swap as all hacked KWIK tokens were sold on Uniswap."

"For now, Chainswap has temporarily closed its cross-chain bridge." "ChainSwap worked with the police and OKEx to identify the attackers, and managed to negotiate the recovery of Corra and Rai tokens. An initial email with the attackers suggested the attackers return $1 million."

“Sorry for the trouble, you sound genuinely like great people but money is money,” the attackers of the earlier exploit told ChainSwap.

"KwikSwap stated that they had removed their markets as the hack had impacted their BEP-20 tokens and that they were working with ChainSwap on investigating the issue. KwikSwap planned to reinstate their token market and concluded that all the hacked KWIK tokens were sold off on Uniswap."

"ChainSwap is excited to announce that we have successfully integrated with Anyswap and Chainswap bridge is now live. We thank our community for its patience during the last few weeks."

"Due to the recent Chainswap exploit, Kwikstarter is shifting from BSC to Polygon. $KWIK BSC token holders must unstake their tokens from Kwikstarter, then send the $KWIK BSC Tokens to our nominated swap address." "All users that completed our BSC -> Polygon bridging form should have received their new Polygon $KWIK tokens."

This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.

The background of the exchange platform, service, or individuals involved, as it would have been seen or understood at the time of the events.

Include:

* Known history of when and how the service was started.
* What problems does the company or service claim to solve?
* What marketing materials were used by the firm or business?
* Audits performed, and excerpts that may have been included.
* Business registration documents shown (fake or legitimate).
* How were people recruited to participate?
* Public warnings and announcements prior to the event.

Don't Include:
* Any wording which directly states or implies that the business is/was illegitimate, or that a vulnerability existed.
* Anything that wasn't reasonably knowable at the time of the event.
There could be more than one section here. If the same platform is involved with multiple incidents, then it can be linked to a main article page.

== The Reality ==
This sections is included if a case involved deception or information that was unknown at the time. Examples include:

* When the service was actually started (if different than the "official story").
* Who actually ran a service and their own personal history.
* How the service was structured behind the scenes. (For example, there was no "trading bot".)
* Details of what audits reported and how vulnerabilities were missed during auditing.

== What Happened ==
The specific events of the loss and how it came about. What actually happened to cause the loss and some of the events leading up to it.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key Event Timeline - KwikSwap ChainSwap Breach
!Date
!Event
!Description
|-
|July 11th, 2021 12:00:00 AM
|Main Event
|Expand this into a brief description of what happened and the impact. If multiple lines are necessary, add them here.
|-
|
|
|
|}

== Total Amount Lost ==
The total amount lost is unknown.

How much was lost and how was it calculated? If there are conflicting reports, which are accurate and where does the discrepancy lie?

== Immediate Reactions ==
How did the various parties involved (firm, platform, management, and/or affected individual(s)) deal with the events? Were services shut down? Were announcements made? Were groups formed?

== Ultimate Outcome ==
What was the end result? Was any investigation done? Were any individuals prosecuted? Was there a lawsuit? Was any tracing done?

== Total Amount Recovered ==
There do not appear to have been any funds recovered in this case.

What funds were recovered? What funds were reimbursed for those affected users?

== Ongoing Developments ==
What parts of this case are still remaining to be concluded?

== Prevention Policies ==
Theoretically, decentralized finance will eventually result in hackers having exploited every vulnerability that exists. However, it's impossible to know when that will occur and if a contract is truly secure, as opposed to there still being an exploit that just hasn't been noticed yet. For any complex smart contract, it's impossible to prove security and plenty of fully audited contracts have been exploited.

In this situation, there was luckily not much taken. Platforms should, generally, be prepared for the full loss of all assets stored in hot wallets (including smart contracts). Assets that do not need to be accessed quickly should be stored securely in a simple offline multi-signature wallet.

== References ==
[https://www.theblockbeats.com/en/news/25348 Chainswap Black Sunday, over 20 DEFI projects were stolen - 律动BlockBeats] (Aug 23)

[https://chain-swap.medium.com/chainswap-exploit-11-july-2021-post-mortem-6e4e346e5a32 ChainSwap Exploit 11 July 2021 Post-Mortem | by ChainSwap | Medium] (Aug 23)

[https://etherscan.io/address/0x06c24002f43e3AF904EeEc581734EA3A7DbF355E#code MappableToken | 0x06c24002f43e3AF904EeEc581734EA3A7DbF355E] (Aug 23)

[https://decrypt.co/75698/chainswap-exploit-leads-to-multi-million-loss-for-defi-tokens ChainSwap Exploit Leads to Multi-Million Loss For DeFi Tokens - Decrypt] (Aug 23)

[https://twitter.com/chain_swap/status/1414019554603307017 @chain_swap Twitter] (Aug 23)

[https://halborn.com/explained-the-chainswap-hack-july-2021/ Explained: The ChainSwap Hack (July 2021) - Halborn] (Aug 23)

[https://cryptobriefing.com/8-million-lost-major-chainswap-exploit/ $8 Million Lost in Major ChainSwap Exploit | Crypto Briefing] (Aug 23)

[https://chain-swap.medium.com/chainswap-re-launch-we-are-live-5e85d2f9c80f ChainSwap re-launch, we are live. ChainSwap is excited to announce that… | by ChainSwap | Medium] (Aug 28)

[https://www.rekt.news/chainswap-rekt/ Rekt - ChainSwap - REKT] (Aug 28)

[https://github.com/openblocksec/blocksec-incidents/blob/main/defi/2021.md blocksec-incidents/2021.md at main · openblocksec/blocksec-incidents · GitHub] (Aug 10)

[https://app.kwikswap.org/ Kwikswap Interface] (Sep 16)

[https://www.accesswire.com/633615/Coming-Soon-Ethereum-Based-Kwikswap-DEX-to-Launch-Kwikswap-V2-Testnet-on-Polkadots-ACALA-Parachain Coming Soon: Ethereum-Based Kwikswap DEX to Launch Kwikswap V2 Testnet on Polkadot's ACALA Parachain] (Sep 16)

[https://home.kwikswap.org/ KwikSwap – Decentralised Swap, Liquidity, Market Creation and Staking Protocol] (Sep 16)

[https://twitter.com/kwikswapdex/status/1414034291856609289 @kwikswapdex Twitter] (Sep 20)

[https://medium.com/polkadot-ecosystem-promoteam/kwikswap-one-of-the-first-cross-chain-dexes-on-kusama-7b4a8064dd1 Kwikswap One Of The First Cross Chain Dexes On Kusama] (Sep 20)

[https://www.cryptodaily.co.uk/2021/07/chainswap-hack-details ChainSwap Hacked, Projects Scramble To Remove Liquidity - Crypto Daily™] (Sep 20)

[https://twitter.com/kwikswapdex/status/1426130443397566469 @kwikswapdex Twitter] (Sep 20)

[https://twitter.com/kwikswapdex/status/1429076457997799438 @kwikswapdex Twitter] (Sep 20)

[https://losslesscash.medium.com/chainswap-post-mortem-deep-dive-into-the-exploit-b5e7d2f58758 Chainswap Post Mortem Deep Dive Into The Exploit] (May 7)

[https://cryptopotato.com/random-numbers-dont-lie-a-closer-technical-look-into-recent-defi-hacks/ Random Numbers Don’t Lie: A Closer Technical Look into Recent DeFi Hacks] (May 7)

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:51, 22 February 2023
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	{{Imported Case Study\|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/kwikswapchainswapbreach.php}}		{{Imported Case Study\|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/kwikswapchainswapbreach.php}}
			{{Unattributed Sources}}

	[[File:Kwikswap.jpg\|thumb\|KwikSwap]]KwikSwap is a decentralized exchange for swapping between tokens. Their token used ChainSwap to exist on multiple blockchains, which required some funds to be stored in the smart contract hot wallet.		[[File:Kwikswap.jpg\|thumb\|KwikSwap]]KwikSwap is a decentralized exchange for swapping between tokens. Their token used ChainSwap to exist on multiple blockchains, which required some funds to be stored in the smart contract hot wallet.
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	This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.		This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.
			<ref name="theblockbeats-2619" /><ref name="chainswapmedium-2627" /><ref name="etherscan-2628" /><ref name="decrypt-2629" /><ref name="chainswaptwitter-2624" /><ref name="halborn-2630" /><ref name="cryptobriefing-2631" /><ref name="chainswapmedium-3239" /><ref name="rektnews-3240" /><ref name="openblocksecgithub-2342" /><ref name="kwikswap-3312" /><ref name="accesswire-3313" /><ref name="kwikswap-3314" /><ref name="kwikswapdextwitter-3315" /><ref name="polkadotecosystempromoteammedium-3316" /><ref name="cryptodaily-3317" /><ref name="kwikswapdextwitter-3318" /><ref name="kwikswapdextwitter-3319" /><ref name="losslesscashmedium-7654" /><ref name="cryptopotato-7657" />

	== About KwikSwap ==		== About KwikSwap ==
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	== References ==		== References ==
	[https://www.theblockbeats.com/en/news/25348 Chainswap Black Sunday, over 20 DEFI projects were stolen - 律动BlockBeats] (Aug 23)		<references><ref name="theblockbeats-2619">[https://www.theblockbeats.com/en/news/25348 Chainswap Black Sunday, over 20 DEFI projects were stolen - 律动BlockBeats] (Aug 24, 2021)</ref>

	[https://chain-swap.medium.com/chainswap-exploit-11-july-2021-post-mortem-6e4e346e5a32 ChainSwap Exploit 11 July 2021 Post-Mortem \| by ChainSwap \| Medium] (Aug 23)		<ref name="chainswapmedium-2627">[https://chain-swap.medium.com/chainswap-exploit-11-july-2021-post-mortem-6e4e346e5a32 ChainSwap Exploit 11 July 2021 Post-Mortem \| by ChainSwap \| Medium] (Aug 24, 2021)</ref>

	[https://etherscan.io/address/0x06c24002f43e3AF904EeEc581734EA3A7DbF355E#code MappableToken \| 0x06c24002f43e3AF904EeEc581734EA3A7DbF355E] (Aug 23)		<ref name="etherscan-2628">[https://etherscan.io/address/0x06c24002f43e3AF904EeEc581734EA3A7DbF355E#code MappableToken \| 0x06c24002f43e3AF904EeEc581734EA3A7DbF355E] (Aug 24, 2021)</ref>

	[https://decrypt.co/75698/chainswap-exploit-leads-to-multi-million-loss-for-defi-tokens ChainSwap Exploit Leads to Multi-Million Loss For DeFi Tokens - Decrypt] (Aug 23)		<ref name="decrypt-2629">[https://decrypt.co/75698/chainswap-exploit-leads-to-multi-million-loss-for-defi-tokens ChainSwap Exploit Leads to Multi-Million Loss For DeFi Tokens - Decrypt] (Aug 24, 2021)</ref>

	[https://twitter.com/chain_swap/status/1414019554603307017 @chain_swap Twitter] (Aug 23)		<ref name="chainswaptwitter-2624">[https://twitter.com/chain_swap/status/1414019554603307017 @chain_swap Twitter] (Aug 24, 2021)</ref>

	[https://halborn.com/explained-the-chainswap-hack-july-2021/ Explained: The ChainSwap Hack (July 2021) - Halborn] (Aug 23)		<ref name="halborn-2630">[https://halborn.com/explained-the-chainswap-hack-july-2021/ Explained: The ChainSwap Hack (July 2021) - Halborn] (Aug 24, 2021)</ref>

	[https://cryptobriefing.com/8-million-lost-major-chainswap-exploit/ $8 Million Lost in Major ChainSwap Exploit \| Crypto Briefing] (Aug 23)		<ref name="cryptobriefing-2631">[https://cryptobriefing.com/8-million-lost-major-chainswap-exploit/ $8 Million Lost in Major ChainSwap Exploit \| Crypto Briefing] (Aug 24, 2021)</ref>

	[https://chain-swap.medium.com/chainswap-re-launch-we-are-live-5e85d2f9c80f ChainSwap re-launch, we are live. ChainSwap is excited to announce that… \| by ChainSwap \| Medium] (Aug 28)		<ref name="chainswapmedium-3239">[https://chain-swap.medium.com/chainswap-re-launch-we-are-live-5e85d2f9c80f ChainSwap re-launch, we are live. ChainSwap is excited to announce that… \| by ChainSwap \| Medium] (Aug 29, 2021)</ref>

	[https://www.rekt.news/chainswap-rekt/ Rekt - ChainSwap - REKT] (Aug 28)		<ref name="rektnews-3240">[https://www.rekt.news/chainswap-rekt/ Rekt - ChainSwap - REKT] (Aug 29, 2021)</ref>

	[https://github.com/openblocksec/blocksec-incidents/blob/main/defi/2021.md blocksec-incidents/2021.md at main · openblocksec/blocksec-incidents · GitHub] (Aug 10)		<ref name="openblocksecgithub-2342">[https://github.com/openblocksec/blocksec-incidents/blob/main/defi/2021.md blocksec-incidents/2021.md at main · openblocksec/blocksec-incidents · GitHub] (Aug 11, 2021)</ref>

	[https://app.kwikswap.org/ Kwikswap Interface] (Sep 16)		<ref name="kwikswap-3312">[https://app.kwikswap.org/ Kwikswap Interface] (Sep 17, 2021)</ref>

	[https://www.accesswire.com/633615/Coming-Soon-Ethereum-Based-Kwikswap-DEX-to-Launch-Kwikswap-V2-Testnet-on-Polkadots-ACALA-Parachain Coming Soon: Ethereum-Based Kwikswap DEX to Launch Kwikswap V2 Testnet on Polkadot's ACALA Parachain] (Sep 16)		<ref name="accesswire-3313">[https://www.accesswire.com/633615/Coming-Soon-Ethereum-Based-Kwikswap-DEX-to-Launch-Kwikswap-V2-Testnet-on-Polkadots-ACALA-Parachain Coming Soon: Ethereum-Based Kwikswap DEX to Launch Kwikswap V2 Testnet on Polkadot's ACALA Parachain] (Sep 17, 2021)</ref>

	[https://home.kwikswap.org/ KwikSwap – Decentralised Swap, Liquidity, Market Creation and Staking Protocol] (Sep 16)		<ref name="kwikswap-3314">[https://home.kwikswap.org/ KwikSwap – Decentralised Swap, Liquidity, Market Creation and Staking Protocol] (Sep 17, 2021)</ref>

	[https://twitter.com/kwikswapdex/status/1414034291856609289 @kwikswapdex Twitter] (Sep 20)		<ref name="kwikswapdextwitter-3315">[https://twitter.com/kwikswapdex/status/1414034291856609289 @kwikswapdex Twitter] (Sep 21, 2021)</ref>

	[https://medium.com/polkadot-ecosystem-promoteam/kwikswap-one-of-the-first-cross-chain-dexes-on-kusama-7b4a8064dd1 Kwikswap One Of The First Cross Chain Dexes On Kusama] (Sep 20)		<ref name="polkadotecosystempromoteammedium-3316">[https://medium.com/polkadot-ecosystem-promoteam/kwikswap-one-of-the-first-cross-chain-dexes-on-kusama-7b4a8064dd1 Kwikswap One Of The First Cross Chain Dexes On Kusama] (Sep 21, 2021)</ref>

	[https://www.cryptodaily.co.uk/2021/07/chainswap-hack-details ChainSwap Hacked, Projects Scramble To Remove Liquidity - Crypto Daily™] (Sep 20)		<ref name="cryptodaily-3317">[https://www.cryptodaily.co.uk/2021/07/chainswap-hack-details ChainSwap Hacked, Projects Scramble To Remove Liquidity - Crypto Daily™] (Sep 21, 2021)</ref>

	[https://twitter.com/kwikswapdex/status/1426130443397566469 @kwikswapdex Twitter] (Sep 20)		<ref name="kwikswapdextwitter-3318">[https://twitter.com/kwikswapdex/status/1426130443397566469 @kwikswapdex Twitter] (Sep 21, 2021)</ref>

	[https://twitter.com/kwikswapdex/status/1429076457997799438 @kwikswapdex Twitter] (Sep 20)		<ref name="kwikswapdextwitter-3319">[https://twitter.com/kwikswapdex/status/1429076457997799438 @kwikswapdex Twitter] (Sep 21, 2021)</ref>

	[https://losslesscash.medium.com/chainswap-post-mortem-deep-dive-into-the-exploit-b5e7d2f58758 Chainswap Post Mortem Deep Dive Into The Exploit] (May 7)		<ref name="losslesscashmedium-7654">[https://losslesscash.medium.com/chainswap-post-mortem-deep-dive-into-the-exploit-b5e7d2f58758 Chainswap Post Mortem Deep Dive Into The Exploit] (May 7, 2022)</ref>

	[https://cryptopotato.com/random-numbers-dont-lie-a-closer-technical-look-into-recent-defi-hacks/ Random Numbers Don’t Lie: A Closer Technical Look into Recent DeFi Hacks] (May 7)		<ref name="cryptopotato-7657">[https://cryptopotato.com/random-numbers-dont-lie-a-closer-technical-look-into-recent-defi-hacks/ Random Numbers Don’t Lie: A Closer Technical Look into Recent DeFi Hacks] (May 7, 2022)</ref></references>