Binance Bridge Forged Proof Exploit - Revision history

Azoundria: Another 30 minutes complete. Updates to better incorporate information. Incorporated several more sources of information. Added a lot of information from Reddit for community reactions.

2024-01-23T17:49:03Z

Another 30 minutes complete. Updates to better incorporate information. Incorporated several more sources of information. Added a lot of information from Reddit for community reactions.

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Azoundria: Another 30 minutes complete. Additional sources merged in.

2023-10-16T18:18:57Z

Another 30 minutes complete. Additional sources merged in.

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Azoundria at 17:53, 16 October 2023

2023-10-16T17:53:35Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:53, 16 October 2023
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	This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.<ref name="newsletterarchive-11417" /><ref name="techcrunch-11419" /><ref name="slowmistteamtwitter-11420" /><ref name="czbinancetwitter-11421" /><ref name="bnbchain-11422" /><ref name="investopedia-11423" /><ref name="bleepingcomputer-11424" /><ref name="zellic-11425" /><ref name="decrypt-11426" /><ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/07/business/binance-hack.html (Sep 12)</ref><ref>https://www.cnbc.com/2022/10/07/more-than-100-million-worth-of-binances-bnb-token-stolen-in-another-major-crypto-hack.html (Sep 12)</ref>		This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.<ref name="newsletterarchive-11417" /><ref name="techcrunch-11419" /><ref name="slowmistteamtwitter-11420" /><ref name="czbinancetwitter-11421" /><ref name="bnbchain-11422" /><ref name="investopedia-11423" /><ref name="bleepingcomputer-11424" /><ref name="zellic-11425" /><ref name="decrypt-11426" /><ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/07/business/binance-hack.html (Sep 12)</ref><ref>https://www.cnbc.com/2022/10/07/more-than-100-million-worth-of-binances-bnb-token-stolen-in-another-major-crypto-hack.html (Sep 12)</ref>

			<ref name="forkastnews-12033" />

	== About Binance Bridge ==		== About Binance Bridge ==
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	<ref name="bankinfosecurity-11429">[https://www.bankinfosecurity.com/hacker-exploits-bug-to-steal-millions-from-binance-bridge-a-20224 Hacker Exploits Bug to Steal Millions Fom Binance Bridge - BankInfoSecurity] (Jul 24, 2023)</ref>		<ref name="bankinfosecurity-11429">[https://www.bankinfosecurity.com/hacker-exploits-bug-to-steal-millions-from-binance-bridge-a-20224 Hacker Exploits Bug to Steal Millions Fom Binance Bridge - BankInfoSecurity] (Jul 24, 2023)</ref>
	<ref name="bnbchain-11430">[https://www.bnbchain.org/en/bridge Binance Smart Chain \| Binance Bridge \| Binance Panama] (Jul 24, 2023)</ref>		<ref name="bnbchain-11430">[https://www.bnbchain.org/en/bridge Binance Smart Chain \| Binance Bridge \| Binance Panama] (Jul 24, 2023)</ref>
			<ref name="forkastnews-12033">[https://forkast.news/binance-bsc-hard-fork-after-hack/ Binance says it successfully completed the BSC hard fork after hack] (Dec 22, 2022)</ref>
	</references>		</references>

Azoundria: New sources.

2023-09-12T22:35:50Z

New sources.

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:35, 12 September 2023
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	[[File:Bnbchain.jpg\|thumb\|BNB Chain]]An attacker found a massive hole in the proof validation that Binance Smart Chain nodes were using to validate that payments had been made to their bridge. The attacker was able to extract $566m worth of BNB token. The nodes were shut down after $127m was taken off-chain, and the rest of the money was frozen.		[[File:Bnbchain.jpg\|thumb\|BNB Chain]]An attacker found a massive hole in the proof validation that Binance Smart Chain nodes were using to validate that payments had been made to their bridge. The attacker was able to extract $566m worth of BNB token. The nodes were shut down after $127m was taken off-chain, and the rest of the money was frozen.

	This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.<ref name="newsletterarchive-11417" /><ref name="techcrunch-11419" /><ref name="slowmistteamtwitter-11420" /><ref name="czbinancetwitter-11421" /><ref name="bnbchain-11422" /><ref name="investopedia-11423" /><ref name="bleepingcomputer-11424" /><ref name="zellic-11425" /><ref name="decrypt-11426" />		This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.<ref name="newsletterarchive-11417" /><ref name="techcrunch-11419" /><ref name="slowmistteamtwitter-11420" /><ref name="czbinancetwitter-11421" /><ref name="bnbchain-11422" /><ref name="investopedia-11423" /><ref name="bleepingcomputer-11424" /><ref name="zellic-11425" /><ref name="decrypt-11426" /><ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/07/business/binance-hack.html (Sep 12)</ref><ref>https://www.cnbc.com/2022/10/07/more-than-100-million-worth-of-binances-bnb-token-stolen-in-another-major-crypto-hack.html (Sep 12)</ref>

	== About Binance Bridge ==		== About Binance Bridge ==

Azoundria: Another 30 minutes complete. Additional sources merged in.

2023-08-20T18:23:45Z

Another 30 minutes complete. Additional sources merged in.

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:23, 20 August 2023
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	[[File:Bnbchain.jpg\|thumb\|BNB Chain]]An attacker found a massive hole in the proof validation that Binance Smart Chain nodes were using to validate that payments had been made to their bridge. The attacker was able to extract $566m worth of BNB token. The nodes were shut down after $127m was taken off-chain, and the rest of the money was frozen.		[[File:Bnbchain.jpg\|thumb\|BNB Chain]]An attacker found a massive hole in the proof validation that Binance Smart Chain nodes were using to validate that payments had been made to their bridge. The attacker was able to extract $566m worth of BNB token. The nodes were shut down after $127m was taken off-chain, and the rest of the money was frozen.

	This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.<ref name="newsletterarchive-11417" /><ref name="techcrunch-11419" /><ref name="slowmistteamtwitter-11420" /><ref name="czbinancetwitter-11421" /><ref name="bnbchain-11422" /><ref name="investopedia-11423" /><ref name="bleepingcomputer-11424" /><ref name="zellic-11425" /><ref name="decrypt-11426~~" /><ref name="coindesk-11427" /><ref name="watcherguru-11428" /><ref name="bankinfosecurity-11429~~" />		This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.<ref name="newsletterarchive-11417" /><ref name="techcrunch-11419" /><ref name="slowmistteamtwitter-11420" /><ref name="czbinancetwitter-11421" /><ref name="bnbchain-11422" /><ref name="investopedia-11423" /><ref name="bleepingcomputer-11424" /><ref name="zellic-11425" /><ref name="decrypt-11426" />

	== About Binance Bridge ==		== About Binance Bridge ==
	<ref name="bnbchain-11430" />		<ref name="bnbchain-11430" /><ref name="watcherguru-11428" />

			Binance Bridge 2.0 acts as a bridge between the platform and tokens not listed on the exchange. This new feature allows users to use their wrapped tokens with the Binance Smart Chain (BNB). Users can access decentralized finance (DeFi), metaverse, and blockchain games without needing third-party wallets. The cross-chain bridge aims to revitalize the DeFi space by offering users the ability to stake their Ethereum (ETH) and its tokens on the BNB Smart Chain, reducing high fees and transaction completion times. Binance Bridge 2.0 supports various Ethereum-native tokens and provides access to BNB Smart Chain dApps<ref name="watcherguru-11428" />.

	== The Reality ==		== The Reality ==
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	== What Happened ==		== What Happened ==
			A hacker exploited a bug in the Binance Smart Chain (BSC) Token Hub, a cross-chain bridge, stealing at least $100 million in cryptocurrency<ref name="bankinfosecurity-11429" />. Independent observers estimate the hacker's gains to be around $586 million<ref name="bankinfosecurity-11429" />. Binance, the largest cryptocurrency exchange, suspended trading on the smart contract blockchain and requested validators to suspend BSC to address the issue<ref name="bankinfosecurity-11429" />. Changpeng Zhao, CEO of Binance, assured users that their funds were safe and the issue was being resolved. The cybersecurity firm PeckShield stated that the attack exploited the internal verification logic of the smart contract blockchain, resulting in a "huge reward claim." Cross-chain bridges, which facilitate the transfer of crypto assets across blockchains, have been increasingly targeted by hackers, with $2 billion stolen in 2022<ref name="bankinfosecurity-11429" />.


	"an attacker stole 2 million BNB (~$566M USD) from the Binance Bridge." "the attack appears to have started at 2:30 PM EST [on October 6th, 2022], with the attacker's wallet receiving two transactions [1, 2], each consisting of 1,000,000 BNB."		"an attacker stole 2 million BNB (~$566M USD) from the Binance Bridge." "the attack appears to have started at 2:30 PM EST [on October 6th, 2022], with the attacker's wallet receiving two transactions [1, 2], each consisting of 1,000,000 BNB."
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
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	!Event		!Event
	!Description		!Description
			\|-
			\|March 29th, 2022 10:09:30 PM MDT
			\|Binance Bridge 2.0 Launching
			\|Watcher.guru reports on Binance launching Binance Bridge 2.0, which acts as a bridge between the platform and tokens not listed on the exchange. This new feature allows users to use their wrapped tokens with the Binance Smart Chain (BNB). Users can access decentralized finance (DeFi), metaverse, and blockchain games without needing third-party wallets. The cross-chain bridge aims to revitalize the DeFi space by offering users the ability to stake their Ethereum (ETH) and its tokens on the BNB Smart Chain, reducing high fees and transaction completion times. Binance Bridge 2.0 supports various Ethereum-native tokens and provides access to BNB Smart Chain dApps<ref name="watcherguru-11428" />.
	\|-		\|-
	\|October 6th, 2022 5:35:00 PM MDT		\|October 6th, 2022 5:35:00 PM MDT
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	\|Samczsun starts posting a technical analysis<ref name="samczsuntwitter-11415" /><ref name="samczsuntwitter-11416" /><ref name="threadreaderapp-11418" />.		\|Samczsun starts posting a technical analysis<ref name="samczsuntwitter-11415" /><ref name="samczsuntwitter-11416" /><ref name="threadreaderapp-11418" />.
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|October 7th, 2022 1:31:00 AM MDT
	\|		\|BankInfoSecurity Article Published
	\|		\|Rashmi Ramesh publishes a BankInfoSecurity article on the situation<ref>[https://twitter.com/rashmiramesh_/status/1578286767094255616 Rashmi Ramesh - "@Binance paused its #smartcontract platform after a hacker exploited an internal verification vulnerability to steal #cryptocurrency from its cross-chain bridge" - Twitter] (Aug 20, 2023)</ref>. "@Binance paused its #smartcontract platform after a hacker exploited an internal verification vulnerability to steal #cryptocurrency from its cross-chain bridge. Binance has acknowledged a theft of at least $100m; @peckshield says hackers stole $586m"<ref name="bankinfosecurity-11429" />
			\|-
			\|October 7th, 2022 12:20:00 PM MDT
			\|BSC Token Hub Operations Restored
			\|Binance has reportedly restored "restored operations on its BSC Token Hub smart contract"<ref>[https://twitter.com/rashmiramesh_/status/1578450231401684993 Rashmi Ramesh - "Update: @binance restored operations on its BSC Token Hub smart contract, hours after a $568.6 million hack. It upgraded the vulnerable contract, shared plans to address this incident and boost #security measures. @CertiK and @peckshield share insights." - Twitter] (Aug 20th, 2023)</ref>.
			\|-
			\|October 10th, 2022 10:49:00 AM MDT
			\|Analysis By Patrick Hillmann
			\|Patrick Hillmann, Chief Communications Officer at Binance, discussed the recent $100 million hack on BNB Chain in an interview. He highlighted that the hack could have been worse if the validators had not taken quick action. The hack targeted BSC Token Hub, a bridge on the BNB Chain, to mint additional BNB tokens. The attack was compared to thieves printing their own money. BNB validators reacted swiftly to lock down the chain, preventing most of the fraudulently minted BNB from leaving the ecosystem. This action prevented a potential $570 million hack. Hillmann emphasized that the ability of a smaller community of 26 validators to work together quickly was crucial in preventing the worst-case scenario. Validators will now hold on-chain governance votes to decide on freezing hacked funds and implementing a bug bounty reward system to prevent future hacks<ref name="coindesk-11427" />.
	\|}		\|}

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	== Total Amount Lost ==		== Total Amount Lost ==
			Initial observations had the amount lost at least $100m<ref name="bankinfosecurity-11429" />.

			Patrick Hillmann, Chief Communications Officer at Binance, discussed the recent $100 million hack on BNB Chain in an interview. He highlighted that the hack could have been worse if the validators had not taken quick action. The hack targeted BSC Token Hub, a bridge on the BNB Chain, to mint additional BNB tokens. The attack was compared to thieves printing their own money. BNB validators reacted swiftly to lock down the chain, preventing most of the fraudulently minted BNB from leaving the ecosystem. This action prevented a potential $570 million hack. Hillmann emphasized that the ability of a smaller community of 26 validators to work together quickly was crucial in preventing the worst-case scenario. Validators will now hold on-chain governance votes to decide on freezing hacked funds and implementing a bug bounty reward system to prevent future hacks<ref name="coindesk-11427" />.

	The total amount lost has been estimated at $566,000,000 USD.		The total amount lost has been estimated at $566,000,000 USD.

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	=== Hard Fork of Binance Smart Chain ===		=== Hard Fork of Binance Smart Chain ===
	"The Moran hard fork seeks to amend several issues on the BNB Chain stemming from its $100 million hack last week."		"The Moran hard fork seeks to amend several issues on the BNB Chain stemming from its $100 million hack last week."

			=== Concerns About Centralization ===
			Patrick Hillmann, Chief Communications Officer at Binance, discussed the recent $100 million hack on BNB Chain in an interview. He highlighted that the hack could have been worse if the validators had not taken quick action. The hack targeted BSC Token Hub, a bridge on the BNB Chain, to mint additional BNB tokens. The attack was compared to thieves printing their own money. BNB validators reacted swiftly to lock down the chain, preventing most of the fraudulently minted BNB from leaving the ecosystem. This action prevented a potential $570 million hack. Hillmann emphasized that the ability of a smaller community of 26 validators to work together quickly was crucial in preventing the worst-case scenario. Validators will now hold on-chain governance votes to decide on freezing hacked funds and implementing a bug bounty reward system to prevent future hacks<ref name="coindesk-11427" />.

	== Total Amount Recovered ==		== Total Amount Recovered ==
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	== Ongoing Developments ==		== Ongoing Developments ==
	TBD		TBD

			=== Binance Smart Chain Concerns ===
			Patrick Hillmann, Chief Communications Officer at Binance, discussed the recent $100 million hack on BNB Chain in an interview. He highlighted that the hack could have been worse if the validators had not taken quick action. The hack targeted BSC Token Hub, a bridge on the BNB Chain, to mint additional BNB tokens. The attack was compared to thieves printing their own money. BNB validators reacted swiftly to lock down the chain, preventing most of the fraudulently minted BNB from leaving the ecosystem. This action prevented a potential $570 million hack. Hillmann emphasized that the ability of a smaller community of 26 validators to work together quickly was crucial in preventing the worst-case scenario. Validators will now hold on-chain governance votes to decide on freezing hacked funds and implementing a bug bounty reward system to prevent future hacks<ref name="coindesk-11427" />.

	== Individual Prevention Policies ==		== Individual Prevention Policies ==
	{{Prevention:Individuals:Placeholder}}		{{Prevention:Individuals:Placeholder}}

Azoundria: Initial 30 minutes complete.

2023-07-25T21:35:29Z

Initial 30 minutes complete.

Show changes

Azoundria: Created page with "{{Imported Case Study|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/binancebridgeforgedproofexploit.php}} {{Unattributed Sources}} BNB ChainAn attacker found a massive hole in the proof validation that Binance was using to validate that payments had been made to their bridge, and was able to extract $566m worth of BNB token. The nodes were shut down after $127m was taken off-chain, and the rest of the money was frozen. This is a global..."

2023-07-25T15:23:47Z

Created page with "{{Imported Case Study|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/binancebridgeforgedproofexploit.php}} {{Unattributed Sources}} thumb|BNB ChainAn attacker found a massive hole in the proof validation that Binance was using to validate that payments had been made to their bridge, and was able to extract $566m worth of BNB token. The nodes were shut down after $127m was taken off-chain, and the rest of the money was frozen. This is a global..."

New page

{{Imported Case Study|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/binancebridgeforgedproofexploit.php}}
{{Unattributed Sources}}

[[File:Bnbchain.jpg|thumb|BNB Chain]]An attacker found a massive hole in the proof validation that Binance was using to validate that payments had been made to their bridge, and was able to extract $566m worth of BNB token. The nodes were shut down after $127m was taken off-chain, and the rest of the money was frozen.

This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.<ref name="newsletter-11414" /><ref name="samczsuntwitter-11415" /><ref name="samczsuntwitter-11416" /><ref name="newsletterarchive-11417" /><ref name="threadreaderapp-11418" /><ref name="techcrunch-11419" /><ref name="slowmistteamtwitter-11420" /><ref name="czbinancetwitter-11421" /><ref name="bnbchain-11422" /><ref name="investopedia-11423" /><ref name="bleepingcomputer-11424" /><ref name="zellic-11425" /><ref name="decrypt-11426" /><ref name="coindesk-11427" /><ref name="watcherguru-11428" /><ref name="bankinfosecurity-11429" /><ref name="bnbchain-11430" />

== About Binance Bridge ==
"an attacker stole 2 million BNB (~$566M USD) from the Binance Bridge." "the attack appears to have started at 2:30 PM EST [on October 6th, 2022], with the attacker's wallet receiving two transactions [1, 2], each consisting of 1,000,000 BNB."

"there was a bug in the way that the Binance Bridge verified proofs which could have allowed attackers to forge arbitrary messages. Fortunately, the attacker here only forged two messages, but the damage could have been far worse"

“The bug itself lies in how Binance Bridge processes the proofs of transactions sending the money from one chain to another,” Adrian Hetman, tech lead of the Triaging Team at Immunefi, a web3 bug bounty program provider, told TechCrunch. “The logic checks the message proof, something a user submits, and proceeds with the payout if the proof is valid.”

“The hacker managed to forge such a message that it tricked the logic of the contract into thinking the message was indeed valid, even though the hacker didn’t have valid claims to the funds. BSC Token Hub then proceeded with the payout as everything was valid,” said Hetman.

"When hackers exploited a bug in the BSC Token Hub (a cross-chain bridge connecting the BNB Beacon Chain and BNB Chain) which allowed them to extract 2M BNB (~$570M), the entire chain was “paused” before the hacker could make off with his exploits. As a result, the hacker only managed to snag ~127M off chain."

"The Binance blockchain, also known as BNB Chain and Binance Smart Chain, took the rare step of suspending transactions and fund transfers after discovering a vulnerability affecting the BSC Token Hub cross-chain bridge. These bridges are designed to facilitate the transfer of assets from one independent blockchain to another."

"Simply put, Binance “asked” all its validators (real nicely) to temporarily suspend the chain."

"That’s easy for Binance to do because Binance is also a highly centralized chain with a total of 25 validators, all of whom were pre-approved by Binance themselves."

"Binance acknowledged the security incident at 6:19 PM EST and paused the BNB Smart Chain while they investigated the incident.

At 7:51 PM EST, the CEO of Binance tweeted that an exploit was used in the BSC Token Hub to transfer the BNB to the attacker and that they had asked all validators to suspend the Binance Smart Chain."

"In a blog post on Friday, the BNB Chain team said that a total of 2 million BNB — worth approximately $568 million — were initially withdrawn by the hacker. But blockchain security company SlowMist says the attacker only managed to take about $110 million because the majority of the stolen tokens, worth about $430 million, couldn’t be transferred following the suspension of the BNB Chain."

"Binance chief executive Changpeng Zhao said in a tweet that the company estimates the impact of the breach to be between $100 million and $110 million."

"When approached for comment, Binance spokesperson Ismael Garcia declined to comment beyond the blog posted by the BNB Chain team, which says that the BNB Chain is now back up and running. The blog post adds that a new on-chain governance mechanism will be introduced on the BNB Chain to fight and defend against future possible attacks."

"Moving forward, BNB Chain’s validators said they would hold a series of on-chain governance votes that would decide whether the hacked funds should be frozen, as well as whether a bug bounty reward system should be put in place to prevent future hacks."

"The Moran hard fork seeks to amend several issues on the BNB Chain stemming from its $100 million hack last week."

This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.

The background of the exchange platform, service, or individuals involved, as it would have been seen or understood at the time of the events.

Include:

* Known history of when and how the service was started.
* What problems does the company or service claim to solve?
* What marketing materials were used by the firm or business?
* Audits performed, and excerpts that may have been included.
* Business registration documents shown (fake or legitimate).
* How were people recruited to participate?
* Public warnings and announcements prior to the event.

Don't Include:
* Any wording which directly states or implies that the business is/was illegitimate, or that a vulnerability existed.
* Anything that wasn't reasonably knowable at the time of the event.
There could be more than one section here. If the same platform is involved with multiple incidents, then it can be linked to a main article page.

== The Reality ==
This sections is included if a case involved deception or information that was unknown at the time. Examples include:

* When the service was actually started (if different than the "official story").
* Who actually ran a service and their own personal history.
* How the service was structured behind the scenes. (For example, there was no "trading bot".)
* Details of what audits reported and how vulnerabilities were missed during auditing.

== What Happened ==
The specific events of the loss and how it came about. What actually happened to cause the loss and some of the events leading up to it.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key Event Timeline - Binance Bridge Forged Proof Exploit
!Date
!Event
!Description
|-
|October 6th, 2022 5:35:00 PM MDT
|Samczson Post
|Samczsun posts a technical analysis.
|}

== Technical Details ==
This section includes specific detailed technical analysis of any security breaches which happened. What specific software vulnerabilities contributed to the problem and how were they exploited?

== Total Amount Lost ==
The total amount lost has been estimated at $566,000,000 USD.

How much was lost and how was it calculated? If there are conflicting reports, which are accurate and where does the discrepancy lie?

== Immediate Reactions ==
How did the various parties involved (firm, platform, management, and/or affected individual(s)) deal with the events? Were services shut down? Were announcements made? Were groups formed?

== Ultimate Outcome ==
What was the end result? Was any investigation done? Were any individuals prosecuted? Was there a lawsuit? Was any tracing done?

== Total Amount Recovered ==
The total amount recovered has been estimated at $439,000,000 USD.

What funds were recovered? What funds were reimbursed for those affected users?

== Ongoing Developments ==
What parts of this case are still remaining to be concluded?
== Individual Prevention Policies ==
{{Prevention:Individuals:Placeholder}}

{{Prevention:Individuals:End}}

== Platform Prevention Policies ==
{{Prevention:Platforms:Placeholder}}

{{Prevention:Platforms:End}}

== Regulatory Prevention Policies ==
{{Prevention:Regulators:Placeholder}}

{{Prevention:Regulators:End}}

== References ==
<references><ref name="newsletter-11414">[https://newsletter.banklesshq.com/p/stoppable-finance-lite https://newsletter.banklesshq.com/p/stoppable-finance-lite] (Oct 11, 2022)</ref>

<ref name="samczsuntwitter-11415">[https://twitter.com/samczsun/status/1578167198203289600 @samczsun Twitter] (Jul 24, 2023)</ref>

<ref name="samczsuntwitter-11416">[https://twitter.com/samczsun/status/1578169420194934784 @samczsun Twitter] (Jul 24, 2023)</ref>

<ref name="newsletterarchive-11417">[https://web.archive.org/web/20221010212053/https://newsletter.banklesshq.com/p/stoppable-finance-lite <nowiki>Stoppable Finance [LITE] - by Donovan Choy - Bankless</nowiki>] (Jul 24, 2023)</ref>

<ref name="threadreaderapp-11418">[https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1578167198203289600.html Thread by @samczsun on Thread Reader App – Thread Reader App] (Jul 24, 2023)</ref>

<ref name="techcrunch-11419">[https://techcrunch.com/2022/10/07/blockchain-bridge-hack/ Binance hit by $100 million blockchain bridge hack | TechCrunch] (Jul 24, 2023)</ref>

<ref name="slowmistteamtwitter-11420">[https://twitter.com/SlowMist_Team/status/1578220472373649408 @SlowMist_Team Twitter] (Jul 24, 2023)</ref>

<ref name="czbinancetwitter-11421">[https://twitter.com/cz_binance/status/1578171072067031042 @cz_binance Twitter] (Jul 24, 2023)</ref>

<ref name="bnbchain-11422">[https://www.bnbchain.org/en/blog/bnb-chain-ecosystem-update/ BNB Chain Ecosystem Update] (Jul 24, 2023)</ref>

<ref name="investopedia-11423">[https://www.investopedia.com/binance-got-hacked-6748215 Binance Hit By $570 Million Blockchain Bridge Hack] (Jul 24, 2023)</ref>

<ref name="bleepingcomputer-11424">[https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/hacker-steals-566-million-worth-of-crypto-from-binance-bridge/ Hacker steals $566 million worth of crypto from Binance Bridge] (Jul 24, 2023)</ref>

<ref name="zellic-11425">[https://www.zellic.io/blog/binance-bridge-hack-in-laymans-terms Binance Bridge Hack in Layman's Terms] (Jul 24, 2023)</ref>

<ref name="decrypt-11426">[https://decrypt.co/111773/bnb-chain-upgrade-restores-cross-chain-transfers-following-binance-bridge-hack BNB Chain Upgrade Restores Cross-Chain Transfers Following Binance Bridge Hack - Decrypt] (Jul 24, 2023)</ref>

<ref name="coindesk-11427">[https://www.coindesk.com/business/2022/10/10/binance-exec-bnb-smart-chain-hack-could-have-been-worse-if-validators-hadnt-sprung-into-action/ Binance Exec: BNB Smart Chain Hack Could Have Been Worse if Validators Hadn’t ‘Sprung Into Action’] (Jul 24, 2023)</ref>

<ref name="watcherguru-11428">[https://watcher.guru/news/binance-bridge-2-0-is-set-to-welcome-almost-all-ethereum-tokens Binance Bridge 2.0 is set to welcome almost all Ethereum tokens] (Jul 24, 2023)</ref>

<ref name="bankinfosecurity-11429">[https://www.bankinfosecurity.com/hacker-exploits-bug-to-steal-millions-from-binance-bridge-a-20224 Hacker Exploits Bug to Steal Millions Fom Binance Bridge] (Jul 24, 2023)</ref>

<ref name="bnbchain-11430">[https://www.bnbchain.org/en/bridge Binance Smart Chain | Binance Bridge | Binance Panama] (Jul 24, 2023)</ref></references>