Alpha Homora/Cream Finance Hack - Revision history

Azoundria at 18:50, 2 May 2023

2023-05-02T18:50:50Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:50, 2 May 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Imported Case Study\|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/alphahomorahack.php}}		{{Imported Case Study 2\|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/alphahomorahack.php}}
	{{Unattributed ~~Citations~~}}		{{Unattributed Sources}}

	[[File:Alphahomora.jpg\|thumb\|Alpha Homora]]Luckily, users of the Alpha Homora platform did not end up losing their funds in this exploit. However, the Alpha Finance platform owes the Cream Finance platform a repayment of the funds which were lent out on their behalf.		[[File:Alphahomora.jpg\|thumb\|Alpha Homora]]Luckily, users of the Alpha Homora platform did not end up losing their funds in this exploit. However, the Alpha Finance platform owes the Cream Finance platform a repayment of the funds which were lent out on their behalf.

	This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.		This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.<ref name="alphafinanceblog-494" /><ref name="halborn-495" /><ref name="cointelegraph-496" /><ref name="cointelegraph-497" /><ref name="theblockcrypto-498" /><ref name="thedefiant-499" /><ref name="defiweekly-500" /><ref name="hebergementwebs-501" /><ref name="alphafinance-502" /><ref name="slowmisthacked-678" /><ref name="altcoinbuzz-1734" /><ref name="creamdotfinancetwitter-1735" /><ref name="ambcrypto-1736" /><ref name="alfablog-1737" /><ref name="cryptonary-1738" /><ref name="coinmarketcap-1739" /><ref name="openblocksecgithub-2342" />
	<ref name="alphafinanceblog-494" /><ref name="halborn-495" /><ref name="cointelegraph-496" /><ref name="cointelegraph-497" /><ref name="theblockcrypto-498" /><ref name="thedefiant-499" /><ref name="defiweekly-500" /><ref name="hebergementwebs-501" /><ref name="alphafinance-502" /><ref name="slowmisthacked-678" /><ref name="altcoinbuzz-1734" /><ref name="creamdotfinancetwitter-1735" /><ref name="ambcrypto-1736" /><ref name="alfablog-1737" /><ref name="cryptonary-1738" /><ref name="coinmarketcap-1739" /><ref name="openblocksecgithub-2342" />

	== About Alpha Homora ==		== About Alpha Homora ==
Line 49:		Line 48:
	!Description		!Description
	\|-		\|-
	\|February 13th, 2021 ~~12:00:00 AM~~		\|February 13th, 2021
	\|Main Event		\|Main Event
	\|Expand this into a brief description of what happened and the impact. If multiple lines are necessary, add them here.		\|Expand this into a brief description of what happened and the impact. If multiple lines are necessary, add them here.
Line 57:		Line 56:
	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}

			== Technical Details ==
			This section includes specific detailed technical analysis of any security breaches which happened. What specific software vulnerabilities contributed to the problem and how were they exploited?

	== Total Amount Lost ==		== Total Amount Lost ==
Line 76:		Line 78:
	== Ongoing Developments ==		== Ongoing Developments ==
	What parts of this case are still remaining to be concluded?		What parts of this case are still remaining to be concluded?
			== General Prevention Policies ==
	== Prevention Policies ==
	It's just another example of how "security audits" are a failed model and it's impossible to detect all possible exploits.		It's just another example of how "security audits" are a failed model and it's impossible to detect all possible exploits.

	Transactions such as those involved in this exploit would be seen as highly suspicious to any human platform operator, and storing funds offline is the only truly secure method of protection.		Transactions such as those involved in this exploit would be seen as highly suspicious to any human platform operator, and storing funds offline is the only truly secure method of protection.
			== Individual Prevention Policies ==
			{{Prevention:Individuals:Placeholder}}

			{{Prevention:Individuals:End}}

			== Platform Prevention Policies ==
			{{Prevention:Platforms:Placeholder}}

			{{Prevention:Platforms:End}}

			== Regulatory Prevention Policies ==
			{{Prevention:Regulators:Placeholder}}

			{{Prevention:Regulators:End}}

	== References ==		== References ==
	<references><ref name="alphafinanceblog-494">[https://blog.alphafinance.io/alpha-homora-v2-post-mortem/ Alpha Homora V2 Post Mortem] (May 10, 2021)</ref>		<references><ref name="alphafinanceblog-494">[https://blog.alphafinance.io/alpha-homora-v2-post-mortem/ Alpha Homora V2 Post Mortem] (May 11, 2021)</ref>

	<ref name="halborn-495">[https://halborn.com/explained-the-alpha-homora-defi-hack-feb-2021/ Explained: The Alpha Homora DeFi Hack (Feb 2021) - Halborn] (May 10, 2021)</ref>		<ref name="halborn-495">[https://halborn.com/explained-the-alpha-homora-defi-hack-feb-2021/ Explained: The Alpha Homora DeFi Hack (Feb 2021) - Halborn] (May 11, 2021)</ref>

	<ref name="cointelegraph-496">[https://cointelegraph.com/news/alpha-homora-loses-37-million-following-iron-bank-exploit Alpha Homora loses $37 million following Iron Bank exploit] (May 10, 2021)</ref>		<ref name="cointelegraph-496">[https://cointelegraph.com/news/alpha-homora-loses-37-million-following-iron-bank-exploit Alpha Homora loses $37 million following Iron Bank exploit] (May 11, 2021)</ref>

	<ref name="cointelegraph-497">[https://cointelegraph.com/news/finance-redefined-one-hack-to-bring-down-a-whole-market-feb-10-17 Finance Redefined: One hack to bring down a whole market, Feb 10–17] (May 10, 2021)</ref>		<ref name="cointelegraph-497">[https://cointelegraph.com/news/finance-redefined-one-hack-to-bring-down-a-whole-market-feb-10-17 Finance Redefined: One hack to bring down a whole market, Feb 10–17] (May 11, 2021)</ref>

	<ref name="theblockcrypto-498">[https://www.theblockcrypto.com/linked/94809/alpha-homora-exploited-for-37-5m Alpha Homora exploited for $37.5M] (May 12, 2021)</ref>		<ref name="theblockcrypto-498">[https://www.theblockcrypto.com/linked/94809/alpha-homora-exploited-for-37-5m Alpha Homora exploited for $37.5M] (May 13, 2021)</ref>

	<ref name="thedefiant-499">[https://thedefiant.io/cream-and-alpha-finance-get-hacked-for-37-5m/ CREAM and Alpha Finance Get Hacked for $37.5M - The Defiant - DeFi News] (May 12, 2021)</ref>		<ref name="thedefiant-499">[https://thedefiant.io/cream-and-alpha-finance-get-hacked-for-37-5m/ CREAM and Alpha Finance Get Hacked for $37.5M - The Defiant - DeFi News] (May 13, 2021)</ref>

	<ref name="defiweekly-500">[https://defiweekly.substack.com/p/so-what-actually-happened So What Actually Happened?] (May 12, 2021)</ref>		<ref name="defiweekly-500">[https://defiweekly.substack.com/p/so-what-actually-happened So What Actually Happened?] (May 13, 2021)</ref>

	<ref name="hebergementwebs-501">[https://www.hebergementwebs.com/blockchain/finance-redefined-a-hack-to-bring-down-an-entire-market-february-10-17 Finance redefined: a hack to bring down an entire market, February 10-17] (May 12, 2021)</ref>		<ref name="hebergementwebs-501">[https://www.hebergementwebs.com/blockchain/finance-redefined-a-hack-to-bring-down-an-entire-market-february-10-17 Finance redefined: a hack to bring down an entire market, February 10-17] (May 13, 2021)</ref>

	<ref name="alphafinance-502">[https://alphafinance.io/ Alpha Finance Homepage] (May 12, 2021)</ref>		<ref name="alphafinance-502">[https://alphafinance.io/ Alpha Finance Homepage] (May 13, 2021)</ref>

	<ref name="slowmisthacked-678">[https://hacked.slowmist.io/en/?c=ETH%20DApp SlowMist Hacked - SlowMist Zone] (May 17, 2021)</ref>		<ref name="slowmisthacked-678">[https://hacked.slowmist.io/en/?c=ETH%20DApp SlowMist Hacked - SlowMist Zone] (May 18, 2021)</ref>

	<ref name="altcoinbuzz-1734">[https://www.altcoinbuzz.io/cryptocurrency-news/finance-and-funding/cream-finance-hack-causes-price-to-tumble-30/ Cream Finance Hack Causes Price To Tumble 30] (Jul 17, 2021)</ref>		<ref name="altcoinbuzz-1734">[https://www.altcoinbuzz.io/cryptocurrency-news/finance-and-funding/cream-finance-hack-causes-price-to-tumble-30/ Cream Finance Hack Causes Price To Tumble 30] (Jul 18, 2021)</ref>

	<ref name="creamdotfinancetwitter-1735">[https://twitter.com/CreamdotFinance/status/1360497502881865729 @CreamdotFinance Twitter] (Jul 17, 2021)</ref>		<ref name="creamdotfinancetwitter-1735">[https://twitter.com/CreamdotFinance/status/1360497502881865729 @CreamdotFinance Twitter] (Jul 18, 2021)</ref>

	<ref name="ambcrypto-1736">[https://ambcrypto.com/cream-finance-investigating-potential-exploit-involving-13k-eth/ Cream Finance investigating 'potential exploit' involving 13K ETH - AMBCrypto] (Jul 17, 2021)</ref>		<ref name="ambcrypto-1736">[https://ambcrypto.com/cream-finance-investigating-potential-exploit-involving-13k-eth/ Cream Finance investigating 'potential exploit' involving 13K ETH - AMBCrypto] (Jul 18, 2021)</ref>

	<ref name="alfablog-1737">[https://blog.alfa.cash/2021/02/13/new-defi-hack-alpha-cream-finance-robbed-over-37m/ New DeFi hack: Alpha and Cream Finance got robbed by over $37m] (Jul 17, 2021)</ref>		<ref name="alfablog-1737">[https://blog.alfa.cash/2021/02/13/new-defi-hack-alpha-cream-finance-robbed-over-37m/ New DeFi hack: Alpha and Cream Finance got robbed by over $37m] (Jul 18, 2021)</ref>

	<ref name="cryptonary-1738">[https://www.cryptonary.com/another-defi-exploit-cream-finance-loses-37-5-million-in-a-hack/ Another DeFi exploit: Cream Finance loses $37.5 million in a hack] (Jul 17, 2021)</ref>		<ref name="cryptonary-1738">[https://www.cryptonary.com/another-defi-exploit-cream-finance-loses-37-5-million-in-a-hack/ Another DeFi exploit: Cream Finance loses $37.5 million in a hack] (Jul 18, 2021)</ref>

	<ref name="coinmarketcap-1739">[https://coinmarketcap.com/headlines/news/cream-finance-gets-exploited-for-37-5-million/ Breaking: Cream Finance Gets Exploited For $37.5 million \| Headlines \| News \| CoinMarketCap] (Jul 17, 2021)</ref>		<ref name="coinmarketcap-1739">[https://coinmarketcap.com/headlines/news/cream-finance-gets-exploited-for-37-5-million/ Breaking: Cream Finance Gets Exploited For $37.5 million \| Headlines \| News \| CoinMarketCap] (Jul 18, 2021)</ref>

	<ref name="openblocksecgithub-2342">[https://github.com/openblocksec/blocksec-incidents/blob/main/defi/2021.md blocksec-incidents/2021.md at main · openblocksec/blocksec-incidents · GitHub] (Aug 10, 2021)</ref></references>		<ref name="openblocksecgithub-2342">[https://github.com/openblocksec/blocksec-incidents/blob/main/defi/2021.md blocksec-incidents/2021.md at main · openblocksec/blocksec-incidents · GitHub] (Aug 11, 2021)</ref></references>

Azoundria at 17:52, 17 February 2023

2023-02-17T17:52:02Z

Azoundria: Created page with "{{Imported Case Study|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/alphahomorahack.php}} Alpha HomoraLuckily, users of the Alpha Homora platform did not end up losing their funds in this exploit. However, the Alpha Finance platform owes the Cream Finance platform a repayment of the funds which were lent out on their behalf. This is a global/international case not involving a specific country. == About Alpha Homora == "Alpha Financ..."

2023-01-25T20:42:00Z

Created page with "{{Imported Case Study|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/alphahomorahack.php}} thumb|Alpha HomoraLuckily, users of the Alpha Homora platform did not end up losing their funds in this exploit. However, the Alpha Finance platform owes the Cream Finance platform a repayment of the funds which were lent out on their behalf. This is a global/international case not involving a specific country. == About Alpha Homora == "Alpha Financ..."

New page

{{Imported Case Study|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/alphahomorahack.php}}

[[File:Alphahomora.jpg|thumb|Alpha Homora]]Luckily, users of the Alpha Homora platform did not end up losing their funds in this exploit. However, the Alpha Finance platform owes the Cream Finance platform a repayment of the funds which were lent out on their behalf.

This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.

== About Alpha Homora ==
"Alpha Finance Lab is an ecosystem of DeFi products that will interoperate to maximize returns while minimizing risks for users. Alpha products focus on capturing unaddressed demand in DeFi in an innovative and user friendly way." "In the morning of February 13, 2021, the Alpha Finance DeFi project was hacked. By exploiting a vulnerability in the Alpha Homora v2 contract, the attacker was able to extract $37.5 million from the project." "Alpha Homora was audited by Quantstamp and PeckShield, both of them skilled and respectable firms."

"This exploit is complicated, involving more than 9 transactions." "The attacker used Alpha Homora to borrow and lend repeatedly with Iron Bank, which allows for leveraged lending." "A few missing input checks in very specialized conditions allowed the hacker to abuse Alpha Homora’s privilege of borrowing an unlimited amount of funds from Cream Finance’s Iron Bank." "In the first stage of the attack, the attacker borrowed 1,000e18 sUSD from HomoraBankv2" ", exploiting a rounding error in the protocol." "By repeatedly borrowing sUSD from Alpha Homora and loaning it to Iron Bank, the attacker is able to build up a hoard of cySUSD." "The exploit involved the use of CREAM Finance's Iron Bank service, which gives out uncollateralized loans to trusted smart contracts." The "exploiter coded a contract that tricked Alpha Homora into believing it is their own contract. The exploiter then used this privileged access to trick CREAM Finance into lending out $37.5M worth of ETH and stablecoins." "At the end of the day, the Alpha Homora attacker was able to make approximately $37.5 million by exploiting the vulnerable contract."

"In the wake of the attack, the Alpha Finance team has resolved these issues and limited buying and repayment to four tokens (ETH, DAI, USDC, and USDT). These corrections are designed to prevent a similar attack from occurring in the future." "[W]e have closed the loophole that made the exploit possible." "Rather than pay off the sUSD debt, the attacker used Tornado Cash – an Ethereum privacy mixer – to make off with the funds." "We are investigating with the relevant parties and will investigate with the authorities to trace the attacker." "No user funds were lost, and Alpha and CREAM teams are working on how to heal the debt between the protocols. The loophole that made the exploit possible has been closed, and the project is going through peer review and another security audit ––Alpha Homora V2 had been audited by Quantstamp and Peckshield." "[S]ome have speculated that Alpha will print tokens to cover the loss." "[T]he incident triggered yet another discussion of why auditors failed to catch the bug, whether they are properly incentivized, and how this situation can be mitigated."

This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.

The background of the exchange platform, service, or individuals involved, as it would have been seen or understood at the time of the events.

Include:

* Known history of when and how the service was started.
* What problems does the company or service claim to solve?
* What marketing materials were used by the firm or business?
* Audits performed, and excerpts that may have been included.
* Business registration documents shown (fake or legitimate).
* How were people recruited to participate?
* Public warnings and announcements prior to the event.

Don't Include:

* Any wording which directly states or implies that the business is/was illegitimate, or that a vulnerability existed.
* Anything that wasn't reasonably knowable at the time of the event.
There could be more than one section here. If the same platform is involved with multiple incidents, then it can be linked to a main article page.

== The Reality ==
This sections is included if a case involved deception or information that was unknown at the time. Examples include:

* When the service was actually started (if different than the "official story").
* Who actually ran a service and their own personal history.
* How the service was structured behind the scenes. (For example, there was no "trading bot".)
* Details of what audits reported and how vulnerabilities were missed during auditing.

== What Happened ==
The specific events of the loss and how it came about. What actually happened to cause the loss and some of the events leading up to it.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key Event Timeline - Alpha Homora/Cream Finance Hack
!Date
!Event
!Description
|-
|February 13th, 2021 12:00:00 AM
|First Event
|This is an expanded description of what happened and the impact. If multiple lines are necessary, add them here.
|-
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|}

== Total Amount Lost ==
The total amount lost is unknown.

How much was lost and how was it calculated? If there are conflicting reports, which are accurate and where does the discrepancy lie?

== Immediate Reactions ==
How did the various parties involved (firm, platform, management, and/or affected individual(s)) deal with the events? Were services shut down? Were announcements made? Were groups formed?

== Ultimate Outcome ==
What was the end result? Was any investigation done? Were any individuals prosecuted? Was there a lawsuit? Was any tracing done?

== Total Amount Recovered ==
It is unknown how much was recovered.

What funds were recovered? What funds were reimbursed for those affected users?

== Ongoing Developments ==
What parts of this case are still remaining to be concluded?

== Prevention Policies ==
It's just another example of how "security audits" are a failed model and it's impossible to detect all possible exploits.

Transactions such as those involved in this exploit would be seen as highly suspicious to any human platform operator, and storing funds offline is the only truly secure method of protection.

== References ==
[https://blog.alphafinance.io/alpha-homora-v2-post-mortem/ Alpha Homora V2 Post Mortem] (May 10)

[https://halborn.com/explained-the-alpha-homora-defi-hack-feb-2021/ Explained: The Alpha Homora DeFi Hack (Feb 2021) - Halborn] (May 10)

[https://cointelegraph.com/news/alpha-homora-loses-37-million-following-iron-bank-exploit Alpha Homora loses $37 million following Iron Bank exploit] (May 10)

[https://cointelegraph.com/news/finance-redefined-one-hack-to-bring-down-a-whole-market-feb-10-17 Finance Redefined: One hack to bring down a whole market, Feb 10–17] (May 10)

[https://www.theblockcrypto.com/linked/94809/alpha-homora-exploited-for-37-5m Alpha Homora exploited for $37.5M] (May 12)

[https://thedefiant.io/cream-and-alpha-finance-get-hacked-for-37-5m/ CREAM and Alpha Finance Get Hacked for $37.5M - The Defiant - DeFi News] (May 12)

[https://defiweekly.substack.com/p/so-what-actually-happened So What Actually Happened?] (May 12)

[https://www.hebergementwebs.com/blockchain/finance-redefined-a-hack-to-bring-down-an-entire-market-february-10-17 Finance redefined: a hack to bring down an entire market, February 10-17] (May 12)

[https://alphafinance.io/ Alpha Finance Homepage] (May 12)

[https://hacked.slowmist.io/en/?c=ETH%20DApp SlowMist Hacked - SlowMist Zone] (May 17)

[https://www.altcoinbuzz.io/cryptocurrency-news/finance-and-funding/cream-finance-hack-causes-price-to-tumble-30/ Cream Finance Hack Causes Price To Tumble 30] (Jul 17)

[https://twitter.com/CreamdotFinance/status/1360497502881865729 @CreamdotFinance Twitter] (Jul 17)

[https://ambcrypto.com/cream-finance-investigating-potential-exploit-involving-13k-eth/ Cream Finance investigating 'potential exploit' involving 13K ETH - AMBCrypto] (Jul 17)

[https://blog.alfa.cash/2021/02/13/new-defi-hack-alpha-cream-finance-robbed-over-37m/ New DeFi hack: Alpha and Cream Finance got robbed by over $37m] (Jul 17)

[https://www.cryptonary.com/another-defi-exploit-cream-finance-loses-37-5-million-in-a-hack/ Another DeFi exploit: Cream Finance loses $37.5 million in a hack] (Jul 17)

[https://coinmarketcap.com/headlines/news/cream-finance-gets-exploited-for-37-5-million/ Breaking: Cream Finance Gets Exploited For $37.5 million | Headlines | News | CoinMarketCap] (Jul 17)

[https://github.com/openblocksec/blocksec-incidents/blob/main/defi/2021.md blocksec-incidents/2021.md at main · openblocksec/blocksec-incidents · GitHub] (Aug 10)

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:52, 17 February 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Imported Case Study\|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/alphahomorahack.php}}		{{Imported Case Study\|source=https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/alphahomorahack.php}}
			{{Unattributed Citations}}

	[[File:Alphahomora.jpg\|thumb\|Alpha Homora]]Luckily, users of the Alpha Homora platform did not end up losing their funds in this exploit. However, the Alpha Finance platform owes the Cream Finance platform a repayment of the funds which were lent out on their behalf.		[[File:Alphahomora.jpg\|thumb\|Alpha Homora]]Luckily, users of the Alpha Homora platform did not end up losing their funds in this exploit. However, the Alpha Finance platform owes the Cream Finance platform a repayment of the funds which were lent out on their behalf.

	This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.		This is a global/international case not involving a specific country.
			<ref name="alphafinanceblog-494" /><ref name="halborn-495" /><ref name="cointelegraph-496" /><ref name="cointelegraph-497" /><ref name="theblockcrypto-498" /><ref name="thedefiant-499" /><ref name="defiweekly-500" /><ref name="hebergementwebs-501" /><ref name="alphafinance-502" /><ref name="slowmisthacked-678" /><ref name="altcoinbuzz-1734" /><ref name="creamdotfinancetwitter-1735" /><ref name="ambcrypto-1736" /><ref name="alfablog-1737" /><ref name="cryptonary-1738" /><ref name="coinmarketcap-1739" /><ref name="openblocksecgithub-2342" />

	== About Alpha Homora ==		== About Alpha Homora ==
Line 27:		Line 29:

	Don't Include:		Don't Include:

	* Any wording which directly states or implies that the business is/was illegitimate, or that a vulnerability existed.		* Any wording which directly states or implies that the business is/was illegitimate, or that a vulnerability existed.
	* Anything that wasn't reasonably knowable at the time of the event.		* Anything that wasn't reasonably knowable at the time of the event.
Line 49:		Line 50:
	\|-		\|-
	\|February 13th, 2021 12:00:00 AM		\|February 13th, 2021 12:00:00 AM
	\|~~First~~ Event		\|Main Event
	\|~~This is an expanded~~ description of what happened and the impact. If multiple lines are necessary, add them here.		\|Expand this into a brief description of what happened and the impact. If multiple lines are necessary, add them here.
	\|-
	\|
	\|
	\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|
Line 62:		Line 59:

	== Total Amount Lost ==		== Total Amount Lost ==
	The total amount lost ~~is unknown~~.		The total amount lost has been estimated at $37,500,000 USD.

	How much was lost and how was it calculated? If there are conflicting reports, which are accurate and where does the discrepancy lie?		How much was lost and how was it calculated? If there are conflicting reports, which are accurate and where does the discrepancy lie?
Line 73:		Line 70:

	== Total Amount Recovered ==		== Total Amount Recovered ==
	~~It is unknown how much was~~ recovered.		There do not appear to have been any funds recovered in this case.

	What funds were recovered? What funds were reimbursed for those affected users?		What funds were recovered? What funds were reimbursed for those affected users?
Line 86:		Line 83:

	== References ==		== References ==
	[https://blog.alphafinance.io/alpha-homora-v2-post-mortem/ Alpha Homora V2 Post Mortem] (May 10)		<references><ref name="alphafinanceblog-494">[https://blog.alphafinance.io/alpha-homora-v2-post-mortem/ Alpha Homora V2 Post Mortem] (May 10, 2021)</ref>

	[https://halborn.com/explained-the-alpha-homora-defi-hack-feb-2021/ Explained: The Alpha Homora DeFi Hack (Feb 2021) - Halborn] (May 10)		<ref name="halborn-495">[https://halborn.com/explained-the-alpha-homora-defi-hack-feb-2021/ Explained: The Alpha Homora DeFi Hack (Feb 2021) - Halborn] (May 10, 2021)</ref>

	[https://cointelegraph.com/news/alpha-homora-loses-37-million-following-iron-bank-exploit Alpha Homora loses $37 million following Iron Bank exploit] (May 10)		<ref name="cointelegraph-496">[https://cointelegraph.com/news/alpha-homora-loses-37-million-following-iron-bank-exploit Alpha Homora loses $37 million following Iron Bank exploit] (May 10, 2021)</ref>

	[https://cointelegraph.com/news/finance-redefined-one-hack-to-bring-down-a-whole-market-feb-10-17 Finance Redefined: One hack to bring down a whole market, Feb 10–17] (May 10)		<ref name="cointelegraph-497">[https://cointelegraph.com/news/finance-redefined-one-hack-to-bring-down-a-whole-market-feb-10-17 Finance Redefined: One hack to bring down a whole market, Feb 10–17] (May 10, 2021)</ref>

	[https://www.theblockcrypto.com/linked/94809/alpha-homora-exploited-for-37-5m Alpha Homora exploited for $37.5M] (May 12)		<ref name="theblockcrypto-498">[https://www.theblockcrypto.com/linked/94809/alpha-homora-exploited-for-37-5m Alpha Homora exploited for $37.5M] (May 12, 2021)</ref>

	[https://thedefiant.io/cream-and-alpha-finance-get-hacked-for-37-5m/ CREAM and Alpha Finance Get Hacked for $37.5M - The Defiant - DeFi News] (May 12)		<ref name="thedefiant-499">[https://thedefiant.io/cream-and-alpha-finance-get-hacked-for-37-5m/ CREAM and Alpha Finance Get Hacked for $37.5M - The Defiant - DeFi News] (May 12, 2021)</ref>

	[https://defiweekly.substack.com/p/so-what-actually-happened So What Actually Happened?] (May 12)		<ref name="defiweekly-500">[https://defiweekly.substack.com/p/so-what-actually-happened So What Actually Happened?] (May 12, 2021)</ref>

	[https://www.hebergementwebs.com/blockchain/finance-redefined-a-hack-to-bring-down-an-entire-market-february-10-17 Finance redefined: a hack to bring down an entire market, February 10-17] (May 12)		<ref name="hebergementwebs-501">[https://www.hebergementwebs.com/blockchain/finance-redefined-a-hack-to-bring-down-an-entire-market-february-10-17 Finance redefined: a hack to bring down an entire market, February 10-17] (May 12, 2021)</ref>

	[https://alphafinance.io/ Alpha Finance Homepage] (May 12)		<ref name="alphafinance-502">[https://alphafinance.io/ Alpha Finance Homepage] (May 12, 2021)</ref>

	[https://hacked.slowmist.io/en/?c=ETH%20DApp SlowMist Hacked - SlowMist Zone] (May 17)		<ref name="slowmisthacked-678">[https://hacked.slowmist.io/en/?c=ETH%20DApp SlowMist Hacked - SlowMist Zone] (May 17, 2021)</ref>

	[https://www.altcoinbuzz.io/cryptocurrency-news/finance-and-funding/cream-finance-hack-causes-price-to-tumble-30/ Cream Finance Hack Causes Price To Tumble 30] (Jul 17)		<ref name="altcoinbuzz-1734">[https://www.altcoinbuzz.io/cryptocurrency-news/finance-and-funding/cream-finance-hack-causes-price-to-tumble-30/ Cream Finance Hack Causes Price To Tumble 30] (Jul 17, 2021)</ref>

	[https://twitter.com/CreamdotFinance/status/1360497502881865729 @CreamdotFinance Twitter] (Jul 17)		<ref name="creamdotfinancetwitter-1735">[https://twitter.com/CreamdotFinance/status/1360497502881865729 @CreamdotFinance Twitter] (Jul 17, 2021)</ref>

	[https://ambcrypto.com/cream-finance-investigating-potential-exploit-involving-13k-eth/ Cream Finance investigating 'potential exploit' involving 13K ETH - AMBCrypto] (Jul 17)		<ref name="ambcrypto-1736">[https://ambcrypto.com/cream-finance-investigating-potential-exploit-involving-13k-eth/ Cream Finance investigating 'potential exploit' involving 13K ETH - AMBCrypto] (Jul 17, 2021)</ref>

	[https://blog.alfa.cash/2021/02/13/new-defi-hack-alpha-cream-finance-robbed-over-37m/ New DeFi hack: Alpha and Cream Finance got robbed by over $37m] (Jul 17)		<ref name="alfablog-1737">[https://blog.alfa.cash/2021/02/13/new-defi-hack-alpha-cream-finance-robbed-over-37m/ New DeFi hack: Alpha and Cream Finance got robbed by over $37m] (Jul 17, 2021)</ref>

	[https://www.cryptonary.com/another-defi-exploit-cream-finance-loses-37-5-million-in-a-hack/ Another DeFi exploit: Cream Finance loses $37.5 million in a hack] (Jul 17)		<ref name="cryptonary-1738">[https://www.cryptonary.com/another-defi-exploit-cream-finance-loses-37-5-million-in-a-hack/ Another DeFi exploit: Cream Finance loses $37.5 million in a hack] (Jul 17, 2021)</ref>

	[https://coinmarketcap.com/headlines/news/cream-finance-gets-exploited-for-37-5-million/ Breaking: Cream Finance Gets Exploited For $37.5 million \| Headlines \| News \| CoinMarketCap] (Jul 17)		<ref name="coinmarketcap-1739">[https://coinmarketcap.com/headlines/news/cream-finance-gets-exploited-for-37-5-million/ Breaking: Cream Finance Gets Exploited For $37.5 million \| Headlines \| News \| CoinMarketCap] (Jul 17, 2021)</ref>

	[https://github.com/openblocksec/blocksec-incidents/blob/main/defi/2021.md blocksec-incidents/2021.md at main · openblocksec/blocksec-incidents · GitHub] (Aug 10)		<ref name="openblocksecgithub-2342">[https://github.com/openblocksec/blocksec-incidents/blob/main/defi/2021.md blocksec-incidents/2021.md at main · openblocksec/blocksec-incidents · GitHub] (Aug 10, 2021)</ref></references>